Essay on The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda...

The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olauda Equiano The narrative by Olaudah Equiano gives an interesting perspective of slavery both within and outside of Africa in the eighteenth century. From these writings we can gain insight into the religion and customs of an African culture. We can also see how developed the system of trade was within Africa, and worldwide by this time. Finally, we hear an insiders view on being enslaved, how slaves were treated in Africa, and what the treatment of African slaves was like at the hands of the Europeans. Olaudah spends a good part of the narrative acquainting the reader with the customs of his people. He describes the importance of hygiene to his people. Their overall health and vigor was†¦show more content†¦They seemed, if we take him at his word, to be a friendly and civilized people. As he put it cheerfulness and affability are two of the leading characteristics of our nation. The village economy was particularly interesting, and Olaudahs descriptions are very revealing. His people needed guns because other villages had them. The guns were brought to Africa by the Europeans, who used them to trade. (That the Europeans both supplied and fulfilled this need bears mention.) Olaudah states that he had never seen a European; his people traded with wandering merchants who acted as middlemen. These middlemen traded guns for potash, which they probably used in trade again elsewhere. Later in his life Olaudah also saw iron pots, crossbows, and European cutlasses among African people. This clearly illustrates the trade that developed between coastal tribes and Europeans, and the existence of middlemen who worked along established trade routes. There is also evidence of the Columbian Exchange in this writing: the crops that Olaudah mentions his people raised. He says that they grew corn and tobacco, These crops were unknown in Afroeurasia before Columbus returned from the New World barely two hundred and fifty years earlier. These two crops traveled from the Western Hemisphere via very indirect trade routes, over a period of many years. They became staples in a rural village miles from the African coast. This shows the level of sophistication inShow MoreRelatedTriangular Trade Route And The Middle Passage Essay1042 Words   |  5 Pagesso close together they were prone to getting disease, which would then lead to death. A famous African American, Olauda Equiano, wrote a book about his experience during the Middle Passage. Equiano wrote The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us† (Equian o). Many slaves were beaten severely and some even jumped overboard. Death rates were so high that at the end of

Pertussis caused by Pertussis toxin Free Essays

string(50) " the molecule comes in contact with the receptor\." B. Pertussis is a bacterium that is responsible for causing whooping cough. The symptoms and signs develop as a result of action of the Pertussis toxin on the upper respiratory tract (containing ciliated ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium). We will write a custom essay sample on Pertussis caused by Pertussis toxin or any similar topic only for you Order Now The individual develops several episodes of uncontrollable coughing. The characteristic whoop sound is heard during the cough. It develops especially when the individual is breathing in. The individual also develops fever, diarrhoea and a running nose . Before understanding the mechanism by which the toxin acts (that is a transduction mechanism), it is important that the physiology of transduction is understood. Receptors are present on the surface of a cell which helps it to communicate with its external world. Specific molecules bind with these receptors present in the external environment and are recognised by the cell. Once these molecules bind to the receptors a cascade of intracellular signals may be produced which brings about several processes and actions in the cell. A number of antigens or molecules can be recognised by receptors preset on the surface of the cell, following which signals are transmitted within the cell. The lymphocyte cells can bind with and recognise several antigens (belonging to various microorganism and foreign substances). The receptors which are present on the surface of the lymphocytes are made up of complexes containing multiple proteins. Some of the antigens are capable of binding with receptors present on the surface of the lymphocyte and stimulate them to divide further or differentiate into specific effectors cells having a certain function. Some of the antigens are also capable of brining about death of degeneration of the cell. The receptors present on the two types of lymphocytes may be different from each other and are able to recognise different molecules or antigens. However, in both lymphocytes, the intracellular signal pathway is similar. Ultimately, the nucleus is activated and alterations occur in the genes to enable a reaction from the lymphocyte (including gene expression) . Receptors are present on the surface of the cell, where molecules bind, and the cell is able to identify the molecule that has attached. The receptor proteins are able to produce a signal once the molecule has attached to the receptor. This signal is transmitted across the plasma membrane, and brings about intracellular events. Signal transduction is a process by which signals are transformed from one form to another. The transformation of the intracellular signal ensures that the message is transmitted in a forward direction, to its destination. The signal may be transmitted to various portions of the cell and may be also get amplified. Finally, the nucleus receives the intracellular signal and the genetic transcription helps to bring about division of the cell . Most of the studies conducted currently for signal transduction were performed on animals, and only a few are conducted on human subjects . Hence, a lot need to be studied in the field of signal transduction. In some receptors present on the surface of the cell, once antigens are bound with specific molecules, certain ion channels are opened up and an ionic gradient exists that works as an intracellular signal. In certain other cells, when the receptor combines with the molecule, a change in the protein occurs that causes the cytoplasm to get stimulated, resulting in transmission of intracellular signals. When the receptor combines with the specific molecule, a signal is transmitted that enables the receptors to cluster on the surface of the cell. This clustering results in the receptor producing a very strong signal. The exact manner in which the receptors clustering occur is still not understood. However, if the cell contacts another cell that has several copies of the MHC protein complex, they begin to recognise it and cluster around . The receptors present on the cell, usually bring about intracellular signals by stimulating the enzyme protein tyrosine kinase (they add phosphate group to tyrosine residues). The receptors on the cytoplasmic front contain tyrosine kinase that is usually inactive. However, when clustering occurs, they begin to stimulate each other through transphosphorlyation, which further activate the biochemical signalling molecules present in the cytoplasm. On the antigen front of the receptor, no tyrosine kinase is available and hence the cytoplasmic front combines with the tyrosine kinase present in the cytoplasm. During clustering, the enzymes are closer to each other, which help to activate the intracellular signalling mechanism. The biochemical activity of the cell is regulated by phosphorylation of the enzymes and proteins by the tyrosine kinase. Phosphorylation makes certain enzymes active, and once they are dephosphorylated (by the enzyme protein phosphatase), they become inactive. Once an enzyme is phosphorylated, new binding sites are created for the target proteins . Phospholipase C-gamma enzyme is present at the tyrosine receptor or the plasma membrane and can attach itself to phosphotryrosine. This enzyme amplifies and forwards the signal. Once tyrosine kinase gets phosphrylated, the phopholipid is broken down into 2 components, namely DAG and IP3. Many DAG and IP3 molecules are produced from single molecules of PLC-gamma, and in this way the signal gets amplified. The IP3 combines with the receptors present on the endoplasmic reticulum, causing the release of calcium ions, and thus raising the level of calcium intracellularly. The signal is maintained even when the Calcium ions are exhausted, as calcium channels present on the cell membrane are opened and the extra-cellular calcium flows in. The Calcium ion binding protein Calmodulin is also activated that controls the activity of other enzymes present in the cell. The signal is transmitted to the nucleus. DAG on the other hand activates the enzyme Protein kinase C. They may act in several mechanisms to finally ensure that the signal has reached the nucleus . Calmodulin also controls the activity of the enzyme adenylate cyclase produced by the human cell GTP-proteins help to transmit the signal from the tyrosine kinase receptors to the nucleus. Ras is the most common type of GTP-proteins. It may be activated once the molecule comes in contact with the receptor. You read "Pertussis caused by Pertussis toxin" in category "Papers" Ras can be bound to GTP or GDP. The GDP form of Ras is inactive compared to the GTP. This inter-conversion is brought about by the enzyme Ras-GTPase. Usually, the GTP-proteins are present in an inactive form and are activated once the specific molecule comes in contact with the receptor. GDP can also be converted to GTP by GEF’s. Activation of GTP-proteins leads to activation of several protein kinases (known as ‘MAP-kinase’). MAP-kinase can bring about phophrylation and activation of nucleus transcription . B. Pertussis sticks to the cell with the help of â€Å"filamentous hemagglutinin† (FHA). The Pertussis Toxin also helps to bind the bacterial cell to the host cell. During the colonization of the bacteria, the toxin plays a very important role in invasion . The substance Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) produced by B. Pertussis combines with the receptor integrin present on the plasma membrane. This in turn stimulates increased binding of another portion of FHA with another receptor present on the plasma membrane known as ‘complement receptor-3’ (CR-3). In this way as the binding of the B. Pertussis antigen is increased with the receptors present on the plasma membrane, the signal produced is strong . The Pertussis Toxin mainly helps the bacterial cell to attach itself to the epithelium of the trachea. The Pertussis toxin is made up of 5 subunits (obtained through the process of gel electrophoresis), namely S-1, S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5. In fact, the S-4 component is two in number . The subunit S-4 is present in a larger ratio compared to the others. The Pertussis toxin has two components namely, A-promoter (S-1) which brings about the toxin enzymatic activity, and B-oligomer (S-2, S-3, S-4 and S-5), which helps the toxin to bind to the receptor present on the plasma membrane. The Pertussis toxin produces several physiological effects including rise in the lymphocyte count, activating the islet cells to release greater amounts of insulin and exaggerating the effects of histamine. The physiological effects of Pertussis toxin mainly brings about it effect on the G-i component of the adenylate cyclase. The toxin works by ADP-ribosylation of G-i protein provided by the S-1 component of the toxin . Compared to normal stimuli, activation with the Pertussis toxin results in greater accumulation of the cAMP within the cells. Agents that obstruct production of cAMP are inactivated by the Pertussis toxin. When the cell is affected with Pertussis toxin and toxin acts on G-i protein, the responses to various chemotactic agents are reduced, suggesting that G-i plays a very important role in the development of immunity. Transducin is Guanine-protein present in the rods and the cones that activates cyclic AMP-selective phosphodiesterase. ADP-ribosylation of tranducin is also stimulated by Pertussis toxin . By altering the manner in which G-proteins are bound, the bacterial toxin can obstruct the signal transduction process. The toxin brings about ADP-ribosylation of certain alpha subunits of the G-protein component of adenylate cyclase namely G-i, G-o, G-t, G-gust, and G-s is not converted to G-olf. Once G-i is ribosylated, the enzyme adenylate cyclase is reduced increasing the level of cAMP . Once the levels of cAMP are raised, the function of the phagocytic cells is reduced (such as chemotaxis, engulfment, bactericidal action, etc) . The S-1 component of the Pertussis toxin is united with the B-oligomer portion in a non-covalent manner. The B-oligomer portion helps the toxin to attach to the receptor present on the plasma membrane. Without the B-oligomer portion, the S-1 component of the Pertussis toxin is unable to pass through the cell . The S-2 and the S-3 components of the Pertussis Toxin mainly help in adhesion of the cell to the host cells. Ciliated epithelial cells contain a glycolipid that helps the S-2 component to bind, whereas the phagocyctic cells contain glycoprotein that helps to bind the S-3 component . Certain opioid receptors are present on the surface of the cell that is linked with the G-protein receptor family. Once the opioid receptors have been activated by the Pertussis toxin, the G-proteins that are sensitive to the Pertussis toxin (namely G-i and/or G-o) are stimulated. The ADP-ribose portion of the NAD is transferred to the G-i. G-i gets inactivated and does not obstruct adenylate cyclase. The intracellular concentration of cAMP increases because the transformation of ATP to AMP cannot be controlled . This results in generation of an intracellular signal which activates the gene transcription in the nucleus and brings about cell division. Once the opioid receptor has been activated, the enzyme Adenylate cyclase is decreased and the Cyclic AMP levels present in the cell are increased. Calcium channels are repressed and inward flow of potassium ions are stimulated by the opioid receptors. When the opioid receptors were stimulated, neuronal excitability reduced. Opioid receptors activation can also bring about activation of the MAP-kinase. Once this occurs, arachidonate may be released and genes c-fos and jun-B are expressed . BvgA and BvgS proteins help the B. Pertussis to express adhesions, virulence factors and toxins. BvgA appear similar to the regulator component, whereas BvgS appears similar to the regulator and sensory component. This system helps to bring about phosphorylation cascade following sensory inputs. As transmission and receiving can occur in this system, a signal pathway system does exist. The cytoplasmic front of the BvgS autophosphorylates with ATP (r-phosphate portion). BvgA is phosphorylated following transfer of BvgS of the phosphate group to the Asp. Gene expression may occur in relation to phosphrylation of BvgA . The human IL-1 stimulates release of kappa Ig-L by the pre-B Cell lines, IL-2R by the Natural Killer cell Lines and PGE2 by the rheumatoid synvovial cells. However, all these IL-stimulated factors are reduced by the Pertussis toxin, which may be associated the cAMP production. As IL-1 stimulates GTPase activity, Pertussis Toxin brought about a reduction in GTPase activity. Pertussis toxin also stimulated ADP-ribosylation of the enzyme adenylate cyclase in the membrane of cells that are usually activated in cells sensitive to IL-1 . Once the cell is affected with the Pertussis toxin, agents that would otherwise obstruct the collection of cAMP are no longer effective. The Pertussis toxin brings about certain cell transduction mechanism that further enables the cell to be invaded by the microorganism . Many of the bacterial toxins such as Cholera Toxin, E. coli labile toxin and the Pertussis toxin act in the same manner and produce the same effect (that is a rise in the cAMP levels of the cell). However, the symptoms and signs of each of these disorders are different. This is mainly because the target tissues and cells of each of these toxins are different. The Pertussis toxin mainly acts on the epithelium of the respiratory tract causing several symptoms such as whoop, cough, breathing problems and cyanosis . How to cite Pertussis caused by Pertussis toxin, Papers

Marketing Strategy Business And Management - Solution is Just a Click

Question: Discuss about theMarketing Strategyfor Business and Management. Answer: PESTLE Analysis on UBER Macro environmental factors are considered as external environment of an organisation, which helps to decide the business operation of it (Schrader et al., 2012). Political The stability of Australian government helps UBER to continue its business operation in proper manner. There are no political pressures on the management of UBER. The Australian government is always supportive for innovative business ideas of companies. As Australian government does not support movements of the existing political parties, therefore, UBER can continue its business in smooth and easy manner (Uber.com., 2016)). Economical The economic growth rate of Australia in current state is high and there is no scope of downturn, which has a positive impact on the business of UBER. The basic costs of raw materials such as steel, petrol and energy are in stable position. Yksel (2012) has mentioned that inflation rates, monetary policies, exchange and interest rates have great influence on the business of an organisation. Social The population Australia is very high, which helps UBER to earn more sales revenue than other countries, where it operates. The life style and living condition of the Australian inhabitants have impact on the success of UBER. Technological Automobile manufacturers employ advanced technologies in order to make sustainable vehicles. The use of mobile application is increasing and UBER incorporates mobile app in order to attract new generation customer of Australia. Legal Australian rules, regulation and legislations supports the business operation of UBER. Environmental UBER employs environment friendly raw materials for sustainable transportation. Even the increasing demand for hybrid and electrical cars helps UBER to earn its sales revenue. Table 1: PESTLE analysis (Source: Uber.com., 2016) STP of UBER Segmentation, targeting and positing (STP) involves a familiar approach of strategic manner in todays modern concept of marketing process. According to Michel et al. (2014), STP model helps to create a proper marketing communication in order to provide priority to the propositions and improve messages for engaging the customers. Customer segmentation of UBER includes those consumers, who do not own personal car in Australia and those who prefer rented or hired cars to go to function or parties. Even those, who prefer cost effective journey in a luxurious cab are the segmented customers of UBER. The customers of all age group, income and gender status are the segmented customers of UBER, who prefer trendy lifestyle and use of modern mobile application. UBER targets the young generation customers of technologically advanced and prefer innovations in technology for development of the nation. Even those customers, who can afford the price of luxury cab, are the targeted customers of UBER . Only understanding the targeted consumers, competitive advantage, market competition and relevant attributes, the positioning strategy of UBER is made (Uber.com., 2016). The position strategy of UBER involves public relation, distribution, price, media, advertising process and the service quality. The positioning strategy of UBER helps to clarify the essence and goals of the brand. References Michel, A., Bosch, C., Rexroth, M. (2014). Mindfulness as a cognitiveemotional segmentation strategy: An intervention promoting worklife balance.Journal of occupational and organizational psychology,87(4), 733-754. Schrader, G., MacLeod, A., Petter, F., Baker, R. H. A., Brunel, S., Holt, J., ... Mumford, J. D. (2012). Consistency in pest risk analysishow can it be achieved and what are the benefits?.EPPO Bulletin,42(1), 3-12. Uber.com. (2016).Sign Up to Drive or Tap and Ride. Retrieved 29 September 2016, from https://www.uber.com/ Yksel, I. (2012). Developing a multi-criteria decision making model for PESTEL analysis.International Journal of Business and Management,7(24), 52.

Monopoly Essays - Imperfect Competition, Market Structure

Monopoly The Monopoly a) Using Australian examples describe the characteristics of the two of the following forms: Monopoly Oligopoly The main characteristics of an oligopoly are: ? The market is dominated by only a few companies, which are relatively large. ? The production of identical products which are similar. ? There are significant barriers to entry. ? The interdependence of production decisions within the market. An Oligopoly market exists in which a small number of firms dominate the supply to an entire market. Each firm producers a very similar product. In Australia the oligopoly is the major market form. It is because Australia is so small market located far from overseas markets and this thus requires producers to be larger, so they are more competitive. There are hundreds of examples of oligopolistic industries, e.g. cars (Holden), breakfast cereals (Kellogs) This market form does not only depend on the larger producers, but the recognition of their interdependence, the action of one producer will affect the actions of others and each oligopoly firm watches their rivals closely. Oligopolies compete fiercely for market share, therefore the competition for existing or new consumes is intense, as each producers products are very similar. As a result oligopolists have little influence over price. For example Shells petrol is very similar to Mobil petrol, therefore these two companies watch each other closely. Oligopoly firms attempt to make their products different in the eyes of consumers. This can be achieved in many different ways. Firstly by providing quality improvements in goods or services such as electrical sound equipment, secondly by different packaging or wrapping, thirdly by bonus offers or prizes on purchase, for example Just Jeans offering free sunglasses. The more product differentiation among oligopoly firms, there is a more chance of each firm has being independent from its rivals when setting price or output. It is hard for new firms with a small market share to enter the oligopoly market and produce enough to make the product cheap for consumers to buy. The small amount of large firms can often produce large amounts of quantity to provide for all consumers to purchase. It is difficult for new firms to win market shares form existing producers, particularly if those firms have large advertising budgets, licenses, design patents or restrict access to raw materials on one way or another. Oligopoly is a market structure, which is especially vulnerable to restrictive trade practices. The main characteristics of a pure monopoly are: ? Only one seller within the market. ? The goods produced have no close substitutes. ? There are extreme barriers to entry. ? Complete control over price. A monopoly is an industry in which there is one supplier of a good or service that has no close substitute and in which there is a barrier preventing new firms to enter. The supply of water and gas are local monopolies, while Australia Post, B.H.P and C.S.R. are examples of national monopolies. As there is only on supplier, the firms can chose where on the demand curve the industry will operate. They can either determine the price or the quantity traded. Either they can sell less at a higher price or sell more at a lower price; therefore their decision is based on maximizing their total profits. The key feature of a monopoly is the existence of barriers preventing the entry of new firms. It is once the firm has entry the market system that is losses the advantage of monopoly control. Some barriers to entry may include; control over vital raw materials, tariff protection from importers, protective government legislation, temporarily low price to force out competition and large research and development budgets to help monopolists maintain their technological advantages over potential rivals. As there is no existence of competition, advertising is mainly focused on public relations or sponsorship of major sports events. b) How effectively do the two markets forms that you described in part a meet the criteria for a successful market? A market system exists when producers and consumers interact with one another. For a successful market system to exist the following criteria needs to be meet: does the market? Deliver lower prices, provide greater choice, encourage improvements in the quality of the goods and services traded, encourage the implementation of new

Hardware and software Essays

Hardware and software Essays Hardware and software Essay Hardware and software Essay Essay Topic: Hard Times Keyboards: The keyboard is the most common used input device, and it is used to enter commands and key in data. The keyboard is divided into four parts; -The function keys over the top -The letter keys in the main section -The numeric pad on the right : -and finally the cursor movement and editing keys. Mouse: The mouse enables you to move the arrow cursor all over the page it is much easier to use the mouse then using the keyboard, you position the arrow on the item of your choice and press. Scanner: A scanner reads words, and pictures and then translates it into the pattern of light and dark into a digital camera and the computer stores it. The best type has to be the flat bed scanner which works in similar ways that to a photocopier. You put the page flat on the bed and then the sensor that like a photocopier, passes it translate into the computer. Digital camera: A digital camera is similar to a normal camera but thats only looks. The digital camera, instead of recording It, the camera converts light intensities into digital form that can be stored on a disk as a data file. Microphones: The microphones of a computer are just the same as of normal microphones. They are used with voice recognition or simply for the Internet so you can speak to the person on the other side. It takes spoken words and translates them into digital signals. Joystick: The joystick is used for playing games. It is used to move the (car, plane or person). Buttons on top and the side are used to perform such other moves of the (car, plane or person). They cant be used in programs like word-processing, spreadsheet or database, but are used in CAD (computer aided design) software. MAIN PROCESSOR UNIT: CPU: The central processing unit or (CPU) for short or microprocessor, is the computers main component that interprets and carries out the commands that are given to it. It can fetch, decode and execute any instruction, and transfers data from one computer to another. Memory: Memory is used to store the programs you use and is the working area that processes the current data (e.g: the letter you write or word-processing). It also comprises of ROM(read only memory) and RAM(random access memory). Storage: The size of data or (storage) capacity of a computer is measured in bytes. One byte contains 8 bits. Bits stand for binary digits and is the smallest unit of data that can be stored. There are six types of storage; Bit: Smallest unit of data with value of 1 or 0. Byte: Equal to 8 bits-approximately equivalent to one character. The letters a, b and c are represented in binary code by 0110 0001, 0110 0010 and 0110 0011. Kilobyte (kb): Equal to 1,024 bytes or 2 10. Megabyte (Mb): Equal to 1,048,576 2 20 (equivalent to approximately 500 double spaced pages of text). Gigabyte (GB): Equal to 1,073,741,824 bytes or 2 30 (equivalent to approximately half-million double spaced pages of text). Terabyte (TB): Equal to ~1,099,000,000,000 bytes or 2 40 Motherboard: The motherboard is the main printed circuit board of the computer, which usually forms the floor of the system. All the other parts of the computer like the CPU and the memory, these components are linked by buses which are etched into the motherboard. Ports: Ports are the sockets at the back of the main processor casing, which are used attach the peripheral devices (printer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, etc). Modem: Modem come built in computers mostly. If you want to use the internet or if you want to e-mail the modem helps to run both. A modem, or modulator/demodulator allows two computers to communicate through telephone lines. Network: Networks allow the sharing resources and data by users and, to access the network, each PC should be fitted with a network card. STORAGE DEVICES: Hard Drive: The hard drive is the storage area where all the applications software you use and documents you create are kept. It is also called the main memory of the computer. Floppy Drive: The floppy drive is a removable storage area which enables you to save files on to a floppy disk so that you can take data files between home and work etc. They are flat and are made of a substance called mylar. They have a magnetic surface which allows the recording of your data. Zip Drive: A zip drive is similar to a floppy drive but a zip drive works faster then a floppy drive a holds 100mb of data, thats 70 times more faster then a floppy drive. DVD Drive: DVD-ROM or (digital versatile disk, or disk read-only memory) is the same diameter as a CD but holds nearly 10 times the data. A DVD can hold between 4.7Gb and 15.9Gb data and, while it requires its own drive, the DVD drive can run the existing CDs. They have provided a way of watching digital-quality films or other entertainment. Backing up: Even if you save your work in a computer drive, you should keep the back-up copy. Most organisations would agree because they have large amounts of work to store so they do this process of backing up. OUTPUT DEVICEES: VDU: VDUs display images (characters or graphics) generated by the computers video adapter. The image on the screen is referred to as soft copy-you will lose it when the computer is turned off. Most VDUs use a cathode ray tube (CRT) which accounts for their size. Printers: when you need a hard copy of information on screen you will need a printer. The quality (or resolution) of the image is measured in dots per inch (or Dpi). The more dots per inch the more detailed the output. Laser printer use lasers to produce an image on an electrical charge and this is fixed by heat. Speakers: All computers come with speakers. The speaker will make a small beep to draw your attention e.g. when you have a error of some kind the computer will send this signal through the computer and you will see a message and a little beep to tell you whats happened. CABLES AND CONNECTORS: CABLES: The different components of a computer system are connected by the cables. CONNECTORS: Computers have connection signs to show the person where to put the wire in, e.g. if you were to look behind a tower case you can see the mouse sign to where you put in. SOFTWARE: Software is the set of instructions that run hardware, without it the hardware wont run. That is the difference between hardware and software. BOOTING: When we switch on a computer, we need to wait until it boots up before we can use it. The old saying is pull yourself up by your footsteps. OPERATING SYSTEMS: Operating systems (OS) are the software programs that control the use of hardware resources. For example; Central processing unit (CPU) time. The allocations and use of memory The allocation and use of disk space. The operation of peripheral devices, such as printers. APPLICATIONS SOFTWARE: Application are sometime referred to as packages or the programs that are used to run the computer. Word processing: Word processing enables you to manipulate text-based documents for example, you can enter text, edit and format it, change the presentation, etc. Spreadsheet: Spreadsheets are used to enter only numerical data like numbers, it is used to process numbers in a similar way to the word processing. They are used to enter formulaes into cells, they can also be used to make graphs. Databases: A database can contains data but produces information from this data as a result of the processes carried out within it. Foe example the data in a library would contain the names, addresses of all the members that is a example of data. Desktop Publishing: Purpose-written desktop publishing (DTP) software is more sophisticated than the word processing software. For example, the text for inclusion in a newsletter would be created in a word processing application, spell checked, edited and saved. Graphics: Graphics are computer-generated images, such as pictures or illustrations. The range of graphics software is extensive and you have probably come across images stored in word processing software (e.g. Clipart) and images created on the computer using lines and shapes (e.g. circles, rectangle, or square). Personal Organisers: Personal organisers are now useful tools in big organisations, they can be set up to offer prompts automatically to remind you of important dates and events and can also provide an easy reminder of your most used telephone numbers. E-mail: E-mail has gone popular as now people use it even more then before. It enables people to communicate over the globe. It has been designed so that people dont have to waste time writing a letter when they can easily send through the E-mail. E-mails are known to be legal documents, you can be prosecuted if you write something that could be construed as libellous. Utilities: These programs provide diagnostic and measurement routines that check the performance of your computer. An e.g. of this is Anti-virus software which is a utility program that can scan any files for any virus, it can also detect a virus as well. PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES: Computers software is written in a programming language. Some are very complex and may require experts to use them. The two e.g. of these are C++ and Java. There are those languages which are produced by the computer automatically when writing macros. STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT: Before you can design or write a computer program, there are many stages of development that you must go through when doing this process, these are as follow; Analysis of the requirement what does the computer program need to achieve? Design of solution. Development of the program probably broken down the into small subprograms. Implementation and testing of the program, including training of the eventual users of the program. Preparation of documentation, which will include documentation relating to the actual program and documentation for the users (i.e. a users guide or manual). Ongoing maintenance and development of the program.

The French Expression VoilÃÂ

The French Expression Voil Pronunciation: [vwa la] Register: normal Even though voil is just one word, it has so many possible meanings- most of which require multiple words in the English equivalents- that weve decided to treat it as an expression. The first thing to know about voil is that its spelled voil. Please note that the grave accent on the a is obligatory. (See common misspellings at the end of this article.) Secondly, voil, which is a contraction of vois l (literally, see there), has varied uses and meanings, which are hard to define precisely, so weve provided numerous examples to help make the distinctions clear. Here, There Voil can be a presentative which introduces a visible noun or group of nouns and can mean any of the following: here is, here are, there is, there are. Technically, voil only refers to things that are farther away (there is/are), while voici is used for close things (here is/are), but in reality voil tends to be used for all of the above, except when a distinction between two objects is required.   Ã‚  Voil la voiture que je veux acheter.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here / There is the car I want to buy.   Ã‚  Me voil !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here I am!   Ã‚  Le voil !   Ã‚  Ã‚  Here it / he is! There it / he is!   Ã‚  Voici mon livre et voil le tien.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Heres my book and theres yours. This, That When followed by an interrogative adverb or indefinite relative pronoun, voil means this/that is:   Ã‚  Voil oà ¹ il habite maintenant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  This is where he lives now.   Ã‚  Voil pourquoi je suis parti.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats why I left / That is the reason (why) I left.   Ã‚  Voil ce que nous devons faire.   Ã‚  Ã‚  This is what we have to do.   Ã‚  Voil ce quils mont dit.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Thats what they told me. Filler Voil is commonly used as a sort of summing up expression at the end of a statement. This is usually just a filler and doesnt have a simple English equivalent. In some cases, you could say you know, OK, or there you have it, but in general we just leave it out of the English translation.   Ã‚  Nous avons dà ©cidà © dacheter une nouvelle voiture et de donner lancienne notre fils, voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We decided to buy a new car and give the old one to our son.   Ã‚  On va commencer avec ma prà ©sentation, suivie dune visite du jardin et puis le dà ©jeuner, voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Were going to start with my presentation, followed by a visit to the garden and then lunch. How Long Voil can be an informal replacement for depuis or il y a when talking about how long something has been going on or how long ago something happened.   Ã‚  Voil 20 minutes que je suis ici.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ive been here for 20 minutes.   Ã‚  Nous avons mangà © voil trois heures.   Ã‚  Ã‚  We ate three hours ago. That's Right Voil can be used to agree with what someone just said, along the lines of thats right or thats it exactly. (Synonym: en effet)   Ã‚  - Alors, si jai bien compris, vous voulez acheter sept cartes postales mais seulement quatre timbres.   Ã‚  Ã‚  - Voil.   Ã‚  - So if Ive understood correctly, you want to buy seven postcards but only four stamps.   Ã‚  Ã‚  - Thats right. Now You've Done It Et voil is commonly used, especially when talking to children, after youve warned them about something and they do it anyway, causing the very problem you tried to prevent. Not quite as mocking as I told you so, but along those lines: I warned you, you should have listened, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Non, arrà ªte, cest trop lourd pour toi, tu vas le faire tomber... et voil.   Ã‚  Ã‚  No, stop, thats too heavy for you, youre going to drop it... and you did / I warned you. Spelling Notes Voil is sometimes used in English, and for this reason, its often written voila. This is acceptable in English, which tends to lose accents on words borrowed from other languages, but its not acceptable in French. There are several other common misspellings: Voil has the wrong accent. The only letter that ever has an acute accent in French is e, as in à ©tà © (summer).Viola is a word, though not a French one: a viola is a musical instrument slightly larger than a violin; the French translation is alto.Vwala is an Anglicized spelling of voil.Walla? Not even close. Please, use voil.

Compare reading Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Compare reading - Essay Example Electronic music is music produced by means of electronic musical instruments. Examples of instruments that produce electromechanical sounds are the telharmonium, or also known as dynamophone, Hammond organ, and electric guitar. Devices like the sound synthesizer and Theremin can be used to produce electronic sound (Holmes, 2002). The capacity to record sounds is usually associated with electronic music production, but not totally needed for it. The very first documented recording equipment was invented by Edouard-Leon Scott de Martinville in 1857, the phonautograph (Manning, 2013). A number of instruments were invented that used electromechanical designs and they encouraged the eventual appearance of electronic instruments. But the technological development that has made the biggest impact on music within the first half of the 20th century is the invention of the Telharmonium. The Telharmonium was invented by Thaddeus Cahill in the early 20th century. The microtonal scales were one of the most important developments in early 20th-century music made possible by the presence of telharmonium (Barela, 1997). As stated by Ferruccio Busoni, â€Å"Only a long and careful series of experiments, and a continued training of the ear, can render this unfamiliar material [microtonal scales] approachable and plastic for the coming generation and for Art† (Barela, 1997, p. 31). Telharmonium: The Musical Invention that Electrified the World The vitality of invention which emerged before the advent of the 20th century was simultaneous with a cultural interest in the new technological advancements that was unmatched. Inventors like Edison and Bell became legends who led a philosophy of industrial growth based on the capacity of controlled electricity. Among this group of inventor capitalists was Thaddeus Cahill, creator and designer of the original musical synthesizer, and originator of the electric typewriter (Dunn, n.d.). Although several attempts to create electronic musical equipment were initiated in early 20th century by William Duddell and Elisha Gray, they were somewhat uncertain or merely the consequences of other studies on electrical technology (Holmes, 2008). The invention of Cahill, the Telharmonium, is still the greatest and most determined effort to build an electronic musical instrument ever imagined. Under overwhelming technical challenges, Cahill was able to build the first model of Telharmonium in 1900. This electro-mechanical equipment made up of 145 alternators able to generate five octaves of changeable melodic content similar to orchestral quality. Its main function was composed of what is now called additive synthesis—a sound synthesis method that produces timbre. Because Cahill’s instrument was created prior to the availability of electronic amplification he had to make alternators that generated at least 10,000 watts (Dunn, n.d., pp. 2-4). Even though Cahill’s original purpose was merely to build a gen uinely advanced electronic instrument that has the ability to perform classical musical selections, he immediately aimed at its industrial use with the intention of providing music to private settings (e.g. homes) as a way of funding its construction. He built the New York Electric Music Company with this purpose in mind and embarked on

David Mamet's ascertains that actor training limits the narrative Dissertation

David Mamet's ascertains that actor training limits the narrative process is undermined by his own work - Dissertation Example Mamet’s works reflects a minimalist approach and it would appear that, given the meaning and elements of narrative in the performing arts, Mamet’s minimalist approach was demonstratively more inconsistent with the narrative process. This research study analyses Mamet’s contention that actor training limits the narrative process is undermined by his work. It is concluded that Mamet’s approach to acting is formalistic and although his approach to acting is interesting, actor training helps to create academy award winners none of whom can be accused of letting their acting techniques limit the narrative process. In fact, actor training is a more certain way of ensuring that the narrative process flows fluidly. Table of Contents Abstract 2 Introduction 5 Narrative in Film and the Visual Arts 5 Definitions 5 Narrative in Film and the Visual Arts 6 Actor Training and Acting Styles and Techniques 8 Mamet’s Works and The Narrative Process 10 Conclusion 20 B ibliography 21 Certification I certify that this dissertation is original and any ideas or material that are not the authors is properly cited and credited using Chicago referencing format. Introduction The fact that David Mamet’s claim that actor training limits the narrative process is undermined by his own work, is not surprising. As both a writer and director, Mamet’s works often contradict his style and philosophies. For example, Mamet’s writing is replete with realism, however, his directing produces minimalist styles rather than realism.1 This dissertation focuses on the contradiction between Mamet’s claim that actor training limits the narrative and his own work. It is hypothesized that Mamet’s claim is limited by his understanding of the narrative process as a screenwriter and playwright, yet his work reflects a directing style that understands that acting, directing, choreography and the ensemble of scenes and sounds produce a seamless na rrative. In order to explore and test this hypothesis this dissertation is divided into three main parts. The first part of this dissertation describes and analyses narrative in the film and visual arts. The second part of this dissertation analysing actor training and the styles contemplated by actor training. The third part of this dissertation demonstrates how Mamet’s claim is undermined by his claim. Narrative in Film and the Visual Arts Definitions According to action theory, narrative is story telling that moves the plot along. Thus narrative is action within a story that moves the plot along and this is usually driven by action and character.2 The theory of narratology of drams is represented in two ways. Prior to the 20th century, narratology of drams limited the concept and definition of drama to â€Å"the verbal transmission of fictional stories†.3 However, as the landscape of fiction changed, there was an increasing interest in narrative in all forms, includ ing paintings. Thus the theory of narratology of drama took into account the fact that there were â€Å"extranarrative† forms that not only helped to tell a story, but was a manifestation of the story itself.4 The theory of narratology of drama is now connected more firmly with the idea that narrative is any text that tells a story and narrative is therefore comprised of â€Å"temporal structure, a set of characters, and a setting.†5 Depending on the discipline, narrative can have a restrictive or very broad meaning. For example in psychology, narrative narrowly contemplates

Films by Pasolini Essay Example for Free

Films by Pasolini Essay PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" bÐ µgÐ °n shÐ ¾Ã ¾tÃ'â€"ng hÃ'â€"s fÃ'â€"rst fÃ'â€"lm, Ð ccÐ °tÐ ¾nÐ µ, Ã'â€"n ОctÐ ¾bÐ µr 1960. HÃ'â€"s mÐ ¾vÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ fÃ'â€"lm wÐ °s thÐ µ tÐ µrmÃ'â€"nus Ð °d quÐ µm Ð ¾f thÐ µ 1958-9 crÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s wÐ ¾rk, Ð °nd Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s publÃ'â€"c rÐ ¾lÐ µ, dÃ'â€"scussÐ µd Ã'â€"n PÐ °rt І. ThÐ µ Ð °ttÐ µmpt tÐ ¾ crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ sÃ'â€"mulÐ °crÐ ° Ð ¾f Ã'â€"nnÐ ¾cÐ µncÐ µ Ð °nd Ð °uthÐ µntÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ty wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °ry lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ, bÐ µgun Ã'â€"n FrÃ'â€"ulÃ'â€" Ð °nd cÐ °rrÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð ¾vÐ µr Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ hÃ'â€"s RÐ ¾mÐ °n wÐ ¾rk, hÐ °d fÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ µd, Ð °nd wrÃ'â€"ttÐ µn lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ hÐ °d bÐ µcÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð °n Ð °lÃ'â€"Ð µnÐ °tÃ'â€"ng fÐ ¾rcÐ µ. ThÐ µ mÐ ¾st strÃ'â€"kÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð µvÃ'â€"dÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾f PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s nÐ µÃ µd tÐ ¾ cÐ ¾nfrÐ ¾nt thÐ µ tÐ µndÐ µncy Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ µdÃ'â€"um tÐ ¾ sÃ'â€"lÐ µncÐ µ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst-pÐ µrsÐ ¾n Ã'â€"s fÐ ¾und Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s rÐ µpÐ µÃ °tÐ µd Ð °ssÐ µrtÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ð ¾f Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"ty, hÃ'â€"s Ð °ttÐ µmpts tÐ ¾ subÐ ¾rdÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µ thÐ µ prÐ ¾-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c tÐ ¾ thÐ °t Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"ty, Ð °nd thÐ µ pÐ °rÐ °dÃ'â€"ng wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lms thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs Ð ¾f vÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð ¾usly undÐ µrscÐ ¾rÐ µd mÐ °rkÐ µrs Ð ¾f rÐ µflÐ µxÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty. Ð  trÐ °nspÐ ¾sÐ µd Ð °nd sublÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µd fÐ ¾rm Ð ¾f such dÃ'â€"rÐ µct sÐ µlf-rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ Ã'â€"s thÐ µn shÐ ¾wn Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ð °ttÐ µmpt tÐ ¾ Ð °pprÐ ¾prÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µ Ð °nd cÐ ¾lÐ ¾ur thÐ µ tÐ µchnÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy Ð °nd tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µs Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ µdÃ'â€"um fÐ ¾r stylÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c, subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð µn ds. StylÐ µ dÐ ¾Ã µs nÐ ¾t mÐ °rk thÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ sÐ ¾ much Ð °s suggÐ µst Ã'â€"ts Ã'â€"mmÐ °nÐ µncÐ µ Ð °crÐ ¾ss thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c Ð °nd thÐ µ prÐ ¾-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c, wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ syntÐ °gmÐ °tÃ'â€"c fÐ ¾rms Ð ¾f rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"tsÐ µlf, Ð °nd thÃ'â€"s cÐ ¾ncÐ µptÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f stylÐ µ Ð °s Ð ° subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fyÃ'â€"ng prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µ fÐ ¾llÐ ¾ws Ð ° pÐ °ttÐ µrn sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r tÐ ¾ thÐ °t Ð µvÃ'â€"ncÐ µd Ã'â€"n PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s pÐ ¾Ã µtry Ð °nd Ã'â€"ndÐ µÃ µd hÃ'â€"s lÐ °tÐ µr jÐ ¾urnÐ °lÃ'â€"sm. Ð  thÃ'â€"rd Ð °xÃ'â€"s fÐ ¾llÐ ¾ws thÐ µ Ð °ctÃ'â€"vÐ µ rÐ ¾lÐ µ plÐ °yÐ µd by prÐ µ-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c, Ã'â€"ntÐ µrtÐ µxtuÐ °l gÐ µnÐ µsÃ'â€"s, thrÐ ¾ugh fÐ ¾rms such Ð °s thÐ µ scrÐ µÃ µnplÐ °y, Ã'â€"n dÐ µtÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ hÐ µrmÐ µnÐ µutÃ'â€"c stÐ °tus Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lm. Ð nd thÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"n turn lÐ µÃ °ds tÐ ¾ Ð °n Ã'â€"nvÐ µstÃ'â€"gÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f twÐ ¾ Ð °spÐ µcts Ð ¾f mÐ µÃ °nÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"n fÃ'â€"lm wÃ'â€"th prÐ ¾fÐ ¾und Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns fÐ ¾r thÐ µ lÐ ¾cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c sÐ µlfhÐ ¾Ã ¾d; mÐ µtÐ °phÐ ¾r Ð °nd fÃ'â€"lm-tÃ'â€"mÐ µ. Іn cÐ ¾nclusÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, Ð °ll thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °xÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ sÐ ¾undÐ µd Ð ¾ut tÐ ¾gÐ µthÐ µr Ã'â€"n Ð ° cÐ ¾nsÃ'â€"dÐ µrÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µÃ'â€"r Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct Ð ¾n thÐ µ cÐ ¾nstructÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f spÐ µctÐ °tÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð °l subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"n PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ °. PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s bÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µf Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty tÐ ¾ Ã'â€"mpÐ ¾sÐ µ hÃ'â€"s vÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ Ð ¾n Ð °ny mÐ µdÃ'â€"um, dÐ µspÃ'â€"tÐ µ Ã'â€"ts cÐ ¾nstrÐ °Ã'â€"nts, wÐ °s rÐ µÃ °ffÃ'â€"rmÐ µd Ð °nd Ã'â€"ndÐ µÃ µd Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd by hÃ'â€"s Ð µxpÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ wÃ'â€"th fÃ'â€"lm. HÐ µ rÐ µpÐ µÃ °tÐ µdly Ð °ssÐ µrtÐ µd hÃ'â€"s Ð °utÐ ¾nÐ ¾my Ð °nd Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"ty Ð °s Ð °n Ð °utÐ µur, cÐ ¾nfÃ'â€"dÐ µntly dÐ µclÐ °rÃ'â€"ng hÃ'â€"s cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l Ð ¾vÐ µr Ð µvÐ µry Ð °spÐ µct Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lm-mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng prÐ ¾cÐ µss. ThÐ µ prÃ'â€"ncÃ'â€"pÐ °l mÐ µthÐ ¾d PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ð °dÐ ¾ptÐ µd tÐ ¾ fÐ ¾rÐ µgrÐ ¾und thÃ'â€"s Ð °lmÐ ¾st pÐ °thÐ ¾lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"stÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾n thÐ µ sÃ'â€"nglÐ µ Ð ¾rÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"n Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"lm dÃ'â€"scÐ ¾ursÐ µ wÐ °s tÐ ¾ dÃ'â€"srupt thÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °lÃ'â€"sm Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"lm. Ð nd Ã'â€"ndÐ µÃ µd, hÐ µ Ð ¾ftÐ µn usÐ µd nÐ ¾n-prÐ ¾fÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð °ctÐ ¾rs, usuÐ °lly frÃ'â€"Ð µnds Ð °nd Ð °cquÐ °Ã'â€"ntÐ °ncÐ µs, frÐ ¾m bÐ ¾th thÐ µ bÐ ¾rgÐ °tÐ µ Ð °nd frÐ ¾m RÐ ¾mÐ µs lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °ry mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð µux. Ð s wÃ'â€"th Ð ° numbÐ µr Ð ¾f Ð ¾thÐ µr Ð °spÐ µcts Ð ¾f hÃ'â€"s cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ °, thÃ'â€"s prÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ hÐ °s Ã'â€"ts rÐ ¾Ã ¾ts Ã'â€"n nÐ µÃ ¾-rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sm, but PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s rÐ µprÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ð ¾f Ã'â€"t wÐ ¾rks tÐ ¾ undÐ µrmÃ'â€"nÐ µ thÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °lÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c Ð µffÐ µcts Ð ¾f nÐ µÃ ¾-rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"st Ð °nd trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °l cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ã'â€"n gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l. HÐ µ dÃ'â€"srupts thÐ µ smÐ ¾Ã ¾th mÃ'â€"mÐ µsÃ'â€"s Ð °nd Ð µmÐ ¾tÃ'â€"vÐ µ nÐ °turÐ °lnÐ µss Ð ¾f nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ °, whÐ °t hÐ µ wÐ ¾uld lÐ °tÐ µr cÐ °ll cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° dÃ'â€" prÐ ¾sÐ ° (prÐ ¾sÐ µ cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ °), Ð °nd tÐ µnds tÐ ¾wÐ °rds Ð ° rÐ °w, unpÐ ¾lÃ'â€"shÐ µd Ã'â€"mmÐ µdÃ'â€"Ð °cy. ЕvÐ µn Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s pÐ µrsÐ ¾nÐ °l rÐ °ppÐ ¾rts wÃ'â€"th nÐ ¾n-prÐ ¾fÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð °ctÐ ¾rs, hÐ µ sÐ µt hÃ'â€"msÐ µlf Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ Ð µxplÐ ¾Ã'â€"tÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð ¾r prÐ ¾fÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l pÐ °ttÐ µrn Ð ¾f trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ ¾r-Ð °ctÐ ¾r rÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns, Ð °nd lÐ ¾Ã ¾kÐ µd fÐ ¾r Ð °n Ã'â€"mmÐ µdÃ'â€"Ð °cy rÐ µmÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"scÐ µnt Ã'â€"n sÐ ¾mÐ µ wÐ °ys Ð ¾f thÐ µ pÐ µdÐ °gÐ ¾gÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÐ °cy Ð °nd Ã'â€"nnÐ ¾cÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ FrÃ'â€"ulÐ °n pÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ¾d. ThÐ µ Ð µxclusÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f prÐ ¾fÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °l Ð °ctÐ ¾rs wÐ °s, hÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, fÐ °r frÐ ¾m cÐ ¾nsÃ'â€"stÐ µnt, Ð °nd hÃ'â€"s usÐ µs Ð °nd trÐ µÃ °tmÐ µnt Ð ¾f thÐ µm rÐ µvÐ µÃ °ls Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µstÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"ghts Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ mÐ µthÐ ¾ds Ð ¾f Ð °chÃ'â€"Ð µvÃ'â€"ng cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l Ð ¾vÐ µr thÐ µ mÐ µdÃ'â€"um. SÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ °jÐ ¾r Ð °ctÐ ¾rs hÐ µ Ð µmplÐ ¾yÐ µd wÐ µrÐ µ Ð nnÐ ° MÐ °gnÐ °nÃ'â€", whÐ ¾ plÐ °yÐ µd MÐ °mmÐ ° RÐ ¾mÐ °, ОrsÐ ¾n WÐ µllÐ µs, thÐ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ ¾r Ã'â€"n LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ °, SÃ'â€"lvÐ °nÐ ° MÐ °ngÐ °nÐ ¾ Ð °nd Ð lÃ'â€"dÐ ° VÐ °llÃ'â€" Ã'â€"n ЕdÃ'â€"pÐ ¾, TÐ ¾to Ã'â€"n UccÐ µllÐ °ccÃ'â€" Ð µ uccÐ µllÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ð °nd thÐ µ shÐ ¾rts ChÐ µ cÐ ¾sÐ ° sÐ ¾nÐ ¾ lÐ µ nuvÐ ¾lÐ µ? Ð °nd LÐ ° tÐ µrrÐ ° vÃ'â€"stÐ ° dÐ °llÐ ° lunÐ °, TÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ StÐ °mp Ã'â€"n TÐ µÃ ¾rÐ µmÐ °, MÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð ° CÐ °llÐ °s Ã'â€"n MÐ µdÐ µÃ °, Ð °nd thÐ µ lÃ'â€"st cÐ ¾uld cÐ ¾ntÃ'â€"nuÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ UgÐ ¾ TÐ ¾gnÐ °zzÃ'â€", PÃ'â€"Ð µrrÐ µ ClemÐ µntÃ'â€", JulÃ'â€"Ð µn BÐ µck Ð °mÐ ¾ng Ð ¾thÐ µrs. SÐ ¾mÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µsÐ µ, such Ð °s MÐ °gnÐ °nÃ'â€" Ð °nd StÐ °mp, wÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"mpÐ ¾sÐ µd by prÐ ¾ducÐ µrs. Ð nd thÐ µ Ð ¾n-sÐ µt clÐ °sh bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn MÐ °gnÐ °nÃ'â€" Ð °nd PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" rÐ µgÐ °rdÃ'â€"ng thÐ µÃ'â€"r rÐ µspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ rÐ ¾lÐ µs wÐ °s dÃ'â€"ffÃ'â€"cult Ð °nd Ð °t tÃ'â€"mÐ µs trÐ °umÐ °tÃ'â€"c. PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s tÐ °pÐ µd shÐ ¾Ã ¾tÃ'â€"ng-dÃ'â€"Ð °ry Ð ¾f MÐ °mmÐ ° RÐ ¾mÐ °, publÃ'â€"shÐ µd Ã'â€"n thÐ µ scrÐ µÃ µnplÐ °y, dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µs Ð ° wÐ °ry prÐ ¾cÐ µss Ð ¾f fÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ µd cÐ ¾mÃ'â€"ng tÐ ¾ tÐ µrms, wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ ¾r Ã'â€"nsÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾n hÃ'â€"s rÃ'â€"ght tÐ ¾ tÐ ¾tÐ °l cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l Ð ¾vÐ µr Ð °ctÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd Ã'â€"ntÐ µrprÐ µtÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n thÐ µ fÐ °cÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð °ctrÐ µsss dÃ'â€"scÐ ¾ncÐ µrtÐ µd rÐ µsÃ'â€"stÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °nd Ã'â€"nstÃ'â€"nct fÐ ¾r chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd cÐ ¾ntÃ'â€"nuÃ'â€"ty. Іn sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l cÐ °sÐ µs, Ð ° strÐ °tÐ µgy sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r tÐ ¾ hÃ'â€"s mÃ'â€"srÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾ f GrÐ °mscÃ'â€" Ð °nd ShÐ µllÐ µy Ã'â€"n LÐ µ cÐ µnÐ µrÃ'â€" dÃ'â€" GrÐ °mscÃ'â€"' cÐ °n bÐ µ dÃ'â€"scÐ µrnÐ µd Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s usÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð °ctÐ ¾rs. ThÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ dÃ'â€"splÐ °cÐ µd frÐ ¾m thÐ µÃ'â€"r prÐ ¾fÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l cÐ °pÐ °cÃ'â€"ty Ð °s plÐ °yÐ µrs Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l rÐ ¾lÐ µs tÐ ¾ cÐ ¾nnÐ ¾tÐ µ sÐ ¾mÐ µ pÐ µrcÐ µÃ'â€"vÐ µd Ã'â€"nhÐ µrÐ µnt, Ã'â€"cÐ ¾nÃ'â€"c quÐ °lÃ'â€"ty Ð ¾r mÐ µÃ °nÃ'â€"ng. ThÐ µ dÐ µstÐ °bÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"zÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f mÃ'â€"mÐ µtÃ'â€"c Ð °ctÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"s rÐ µÃ'â€"nfÐ ¾rcÐ µd by Ð ° dÐ µlÃ'â€"bÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ rÐ µfusÐ °l Ð ¾f prÐ µpÐ °rÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, Ð µmÐ ¾tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð ¾r Ð ¾thÐ µrwÃ'â€"sÐ µ, Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ð °ctÐ ¾rs. LÃ'â€"kÐ µ FÐ µllÃ'â€"nÃ'â€", Ð °nd Ã'â€"n Ð °nÐ ¾thÐ µr nÐ µÃ ¾-rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"st cÐ °lquÐ µ turnÐ µd Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst nÐ °turÐ °lÃ'â€"st Ð µnds, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" wÐ ¾uld Ã'â€"nstruct Ð °ctÐ ¾rs Ð ¾nly whÃ'â€"lÐ µ shÐ ¾Ã ¾tÃ'â€"ng wÐ °s Ã'â€"n prÐ ¾grÐ µss, prÐ ¾ducÃ'â€"ng Ð °n unnÐ °turÐ °l spÐ ¾ntÐ °nÐ µÃ'â€"ty Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f tunÐ µ wÃ'â€"th sÃ'â€"tuÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sm. ThÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst scÐ µnÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° strÃ'â€"kÃ'â€"ng Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ Ð ¾f thÃ'â€"s mÐ µthÐ ¾d, shÐ ¾wÃ'â€"ng Ð ° sÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð ¾f fÐ ¾rcÐ µdly lÐ °ughÃ'â€"ng fÐ °cÐ µs whÃ'â€"ch mÐ ¾ck Ð °nd dÃ'â€"sturb thÐ µ vÃ'â€"Ð µwÐ µr Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ, cÐ ¾mplÐ µmÐ µntÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ Ð ¾pprÐ µssÃ'â€"vÐ µ sunlÃ'â€"ght whÃ'â€"ch dÐ ¾mÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µs thÐ µ lÐ °ndscÐ °pÐ µ, Ð °s Ã'â€"t wÃ'â€"ll thrÐ ¾ughÐ ¾ut thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lm. Іn Ð ° 1965 Ã'â€"ntÐ µrvÃ'â€"Ð µw, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ð µxplÐ °Ã'â€"nÐ µd hÐ ¾w Ã'â€"n Ð ¾rdÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð °chÃ'â€"Ð µvÐ µ Ð ° suÃ'â€"tÐ °blÐ µ Ð °lÃ'â€"Ð µnÐ °tÃ'â€"ng Ð µffÐ µct Ð ¾f thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd hÐ µ wÐ ¾uld fÐ µÃ µd Ð ° lÃ'â€"nÐ µ tÐ ¾ Ð °n Ð °ctÐ ¾r (buÐ ¾ngÃ'â€"Ð ¾rnÐ ¾, hÐ µllÐ ¾), Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr dub Ã'â€"t wÃ'â€"th sÐ ¾mÐ µthÃ'â€"ng quÃ'â€"tÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µnt (tÃ'â€" Ð ¾dÃ'â€"Ð ¾, І hÐ °tÐ µ yÐ ¾u). 7 Ð nd pÐ ¾st-synchrÐ ¾nÃ'â€"zÐ µd dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ ¾guÐ µ Ã'â€"tsÐ µlf, yÐ µt Ð °nÐ ¾thÐ µr fÐ µÃ °turÐ µ Ð °ssÐ ¾cÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd wÃ'â€"th nÐ µÃ ¾-rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"sm, Ã'â€"s Ð ° furthÐ µr Ã'â€"mpÐ ¾rtÐ °nt Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnt Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s cÐ °mpÐ °Ã'â€"gn Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrprÐ µtÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ, nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ fÐ ¾rcÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð °ctÃ'â€"ng. Оut Ð ¾f stÐ µp wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ nÐ ¾uvÐ µllÐ µ vÐ °guÐ µ Ð °nd mÐ ¾st cÐ ¾ntÐ µmpÐ ¾rÐ °ry cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ °, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" nÐ ¾t Ð ¾nly dÃ'â€"d nÐ ¾t rÐ µgrÐ µt thÐ µ nÐ µcÐ µssÃ'â€"ty fÐ ¾r dubbÃ'â€"ng, but pÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"vÐ µly vÐ °luÐ µd Ã'â€"t Ð °s Ð °nÐ ¾thÐ µr guÐ °rÐ °ntÐ ¾r Ð ¾f thÐ µ unnÐ °turÐ °l dÃ'â€"ssÐ ¾nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ whÐ ¾lÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð ¾f thÐ µ mÐ ¾nÐ ¾vÐ °lÐ µncy Ð ¾f thÐ µ spÐ µÃ °kÃ'â€"ng subjÐ µct: І thÃ'â€"nk dubbÃ'â€"ng Ð µnrÃ'â€"chÐ µs Ð ° chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µr: Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s pÐ °rt Ð ¾f my tÐ ° stÐ µ fÐ ¾r pÐ °stÃ'â€"chÐ µ; Ã'â€"t rÐ °Ã'â€"sÐ µs Ð ° chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µr Ð ¾ut Ð ¾f thÐ µ zÐ ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f nÐ °turÐ °lÃ'â€"sm. DubbÃ'â€"ng Ð °nd cÐ ¾untÐ µrpÐ ¾Ã'â€"nt bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Ð °ctÐ ¾r Ð °nd dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ ¾guÐ µ cÐ ¾ntrÃ'â€"butÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °ntly tÐ ¾ PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s mÐ ¾st Ð µlÐ °bÐ ¾rÐ °tÐ µ Ð µxplÐ ¾rÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f hÃ'â€"s subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °ntÃ'â€"-nÐ °turÐ °lÃ'â€"sm, LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ °. ThÐ µ sÐ µquÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ thrÐ ¾w-Ð °wÐ °y cÐ ¾mÃ'â€"c rÐ µfrÐ °Ã'â€"n, lÐ ° cÐ ¾rÐ ¾nÐ ° (thÐ µ crÐ ¾wn), fÐ ¾llÐ ¾wÃ'â€"ng thÐ µ DÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ ¾rs cÐ °ll fÐ ¾r thÐ µ crÐ ¾wn Ð ¾f thÐ ¾rns, Ã'â€"s Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lms mÐ ¾st Ã'â€"rÐ ¾nÃ'â€"c Ð °nd pÐ ¾tÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °lly blÐ °sphÐ µmÐ ¾us mÐ ¾mÐ µnts, Ð ¾nÐ µ PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" hÐ °d tÐ ¾ dÐ µfÐ µnd Ã'â€"n cÐ ¾urt Ð °gÐ °Ã'â€"nst thÐ µ Ð °ccusÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f cÐ ¾ntÐ µmpt fÐ ¾r thÐ µ StÐ °tÐ µ RÐ µlÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"Ð ¾n. SÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l Ð ¾thÐ µr Ð °spÐ µcts Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"lm-mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng Ð °rÐ µ subjÐ µct tÐ ¾ sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °r Ð µffÐ µcts Ð ¾f cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾llÐ µd dÃ'â€"ssÐ ¾nÐ °ncÐ µ Ð °s thÐ °t prÐ ¾ducÐ µd by thÐ µ usÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð °ctÐ ¾rs. FÐ ¾r Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, thÐ µ chÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ Ð ¾f musÃ'â€"c fÐ ¾r dÐ µlÃ'â€"bÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ Ð µffÐ µcts Ð ¾f cÐ ¾untÐ µrpÐ ¾Ã'â€"nt wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ã'â€"mÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾r nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ° strÃ'â€"kÃ'â€"ng fÐ µÃ °turÐ µ Ð ¾f hÃ'â€"s mÐ ¾st succÐ µssful fÃ'â€"lms. SÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °rly, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s Ð ¾wn cÐ ¾ncÐ µptÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ð ¾f cÐ ¾stumÐ µ dÐ µsÃ'â€"gn tÐ ¾Ã ¾k Ð ¾n Ð °n Ã'â€"ncrÐ µÃ °sÃ'â€"ngly sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °nt rÐ ¾lÐ µ wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ pÐ °stÃ'â€"chÐ µ Ð ¾f RÐ µnÐ °Ã'â€"ssÐ °ncÐ µ Ã'â€"cÐ ¾nÐ ¾grÐ °phy Ã'â€"n LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ ° Ð °nd VÐ °ngÐ µlÐ ¾, Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr thÐ µ Ð µlÐ °bÐ ¾rÐ °tÐ µ, but mÐ °rkÐ µdly Ã'â€"nÐ °uthÐ µntÃ'â€"c Ð ¾ r unfÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °r crÐ µÃ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns fÐ ¾r thÐ µ myth fÃ'â€"lms ЕdÃ'â€"pÐ ¾ Ð °nd MÐ µdÐ µÃ °. FrÐ ¾m TÐ µÃ ¾rÐ µmÐ ° Ð ¾n, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ð µvÐ µn Ð °ctÐ µd Ð °s hÃ'â€"s Ð ¾wn cÐ °mÐ µrÐ °mÐ °n. Ð nd fÃ'â€"nÐ °lly, but crucÃ'â€"Ð °lly, sÃ'â€"ncÐ µ Ã'â€"t bÃ'â€"nds thÐ µ Ã'â€"ssuÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"ty mÐ ¾st dÃ'â€"rÐ µctly tÐ ¾ thÐ µ bÐ µdrÐ ¾ck Ð ¾f rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ µd Ð ¾n/by fÃ'â€"lm, thÐ µ cÐ °rÐ µful sÐ µÃ °rch fÐ ¾r lÐ ¾cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns, vÐ °lÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µd Ð °s Ð °n Ð °utÐ ¾nÐ ¾mÐ ¾us dÃ'â€"scursÃ'â€"vÐ µ prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µ by thÐ µ rÐ µlÐ µÃ °sÐ µ Ð ¾f sÐ µvÐ µrÐ °l rÐ µcÐ ¾nnÐ °Ã'â€"ssÐ °ncÐ µ fÃ'â€"lms, Ã'â€"s Ð °lsÐ ¾ cÐ ¾nstructÐ µd Ð °s Ð ° hÐ µrmÐ µnÐ µutÃ'â€"c prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µ undÐ µrtÐ °kÐ µn by thÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾r. SÐ ¾prÐ °luÐ ¾ghÃ'â€" Ã'â€"n PÐ °lÐ µstÃ'â€"nÐ ° pÐ µr Іl VÐ °ngÐ µlÐ ¾ sÐ µcÐ ¾ndÐ ¾ MÐ °ttÐ µÃ ¾ (1964), Ð ppuntÃ'â€"pÐ µr un fÃ'â€"lm sullІndÃ'â€"Ð ° (1968), Ð °nd Ð ppuntÃ'â€"pÐ µr Ã'â€"n ОrÐ µstÃ'â€"Ð °dÐ µ Ð °frÃ'â€"cÐ °nÐ °Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ (1970) Ð °ll shÐ ¾w thÐ µ Ð µnquÃ'â€"rÃ'â€"ng, crÐ µÃ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾r fÃ'â€"gurÐ µ Ð °s thÐ µ pÃ'â€"vÐ ¾tÐ °l cÐ ¾Ã ¾rdÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ ¾r Ð ¾f thÐ µ dÃ'â€"ffusÐ µ Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts whÃ'â€"ch wÃ'â€"ll mÐ °kÐ µ up thÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÃ'â€"fyÃ'â€"ng mÐ °trÃ'â€"x Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lm-Ã'â€"n-thÐ µ-mÐ °kÃ'â€"ng. Іt Ã'â€"s clÐ µÃ °r thÐ °t, Ã'â€"n gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °l, PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° fÐ ¾rcÃ'â€"bly tÐ µnds tÐ ¾wÐ °rds thÐ µ nÐ ¾n-cÐ ¾llÐ °bÐ ¾rÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ, Ð °s BÐ µrtÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" pÐ ¾Ã'â€"ntÐ µdly Ð °ssÐ µrts: PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° cÐ °n thÐ µrÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ bÐ µ quÐ °lÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð °s Ð ° wÐ ¾rk Ð ¾f mÐ °nÃ'â€" pulÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, nÐ ¾t Ð ¾f cÐ ¾llÐ °bÐ ¾rÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n. Ð  sÃ'â€"nglÐ µ vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"s Ð °ll, Ð °nd Ð ¾thÐ µr Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"duÐ °ls just Ð °s much Ð °s prÐ ¾ductÃ'â€"Ð ¾n structurÐ µs Ð °rÐ µ tÐ ¾ bÐ µ nÐ µutrÐ °lÃ'â€"zÐ µd Ã'â€"n sÐ ¾mÐ µ wÐ °y. HÐ µ mÐ °nÃ'â€"pulÐ °tÐ µs, dÃ'â€"sturbs Ð °nd rÐ µnÐ µws thÐ µ prÐ ¾-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"n thÐ µ hÐ ¾pÐ µ thÐ °t Ã'â€"t wÃ'â€"ll sÐ µrvÐ µ hÃ'â€"m Ð °s Ð °n Ã'â€"dÃ'â€"Ð ¾m fÐ ¾r sÐ µlf-Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, much Ð °s hÐ µ hÐ °d, fÐ ¾r Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, crÐ µÃ °tÐ µd hÃ'â€"s Ð ¾wn Ã'â€"ntÐ µnsÐ µly Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"vÐ µ FrÃ'â€"ulÐ °n dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ µct, flÐ µxÃ'â€"blÐ µ Ð µnÐ ¾ugh tÐ ¾ chÐ °llÐ µngÐ µ thÐ µ wÐ ¾rn, pÃ'â€"cturÐ µsquÐ µ trÐ °dÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ µct pÐ ¾Ã µtry Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr tÐ ¾ Ð °dÐ ¾pt thÐ µ Ã'â€"dÐ µÃ ¾lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"cÐ °l bÐ °ggÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾f pÐ ¾pulÐ °r sÐ ¾ng wÃ'â€"thÐ ¾ut sÐ °crÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ng Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l. BÐ ¾th cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ð °nd FrÃ'â€"ulÐ °n rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µnt, Ã'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð °lly Ð °t lÐ µÃ °st, lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µs Ã'â€"n prÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"lÐ µgÐ µd, Ð µvÐ µn mystÃ'â€"cÐ °l cÐ ¾ntÐ °ct wÃ'â€"th rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty Ð ¾n thÐ µ Ð ¾nÐ µ hÐ °nd, Ð °nd wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ sÐ µlf Ð ¾n thÐ µ Ð ¾thÐ µr. FundÐ °mÐ µntÐ °l dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs dÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"dÐ µ thÐ µ twÐ ¾, Ð ¾f cÐ ¾ursÐ µ, Ð °nd nÐ ¾t lÐ µÃ °st thÐ µ Ð µvÃ'â€"dÐ µnt tÐ µnsÃ'â€"Ð ¾n bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn thÐ µ mÐ °ss Ð °udÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µ Ð ¾f cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ð °nd PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"mpulsÐ µ tÐ ¾wÐ °rds Ã'â€"ntÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µ sÐ µlf-Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, Ð °s Ð ¾ppÐ ¾sÐ µd tÐ ¾ thÐ µ symbÃ'â€"Ð ¾sÃ'â€"s bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn sÐ µlf Ð °nd Ð °ddrÐ µssÐ µÃ µ Ã'â€"n MÐ µglÃ'â€"Ð ¾. NÐ µvÐ µrthÐ µlÐ µss, Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s nÐ ¾ surprÃ'â€"sÐ µ tÐ ¾ nÐ ¾tÐ µ Ð ° prÐ µpÐ ¾ndÐ µrÐ °ncÐ µ Ð ¾f Ã'â€"mÐ °gÐ µs Ð °nd tÐ ¾pÐ ¾Ã'â€" Ð °nd pÐ °ttÐ µrns Ð ¾f sÐ µlf-rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n fÐ °mÃ'â€"lÃ'â€"Ð °r frÐ ¾m pÐ °st Ð °Ã µsthÐ µtÃ'â€"c Ð ¾r Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"cÐ °l mÐ ¾mÐ µnts such Ð °s thÐ µ FrÃ'â€"ulÐ °n pÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ¾d. Іf, thÐ µn, thÐ µ rhÐ µtÐ ¾rÃ'â€"c Ð ¾f PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s Ð °pprÐ ¾prÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ prÐ ¾-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"s Ð ° rÐ µductÃ'â€"Ð ¾ Ð °d unum, Ð ¾r Ð °t lÐ µÃ °st Ð °ttÐ µmpts tÐ ¾ bÐ µ sÐ ¾, thÐ µ sÃ'â€"nglÐ µ vÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ Ã'â€"t crÐ µÃ °tÐ µs Ã'â€"s fÃ'â€"llÐ µd Ð ¾ut Ð °nd rÐ µÃ'â€"nfÐ ¾rcÐ µd by Ð ° rÐ °ngÐ µ Ð ¾f rÐ µflÐ µxÃ'â€"vÐ µ rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µs whÃ'â€"ch nÐ µÃ µds tÐ ¾ bÐ µ Ð µlucÃ'â€"dÐ °tÐ µd. Іn mÐ ¾vÃ'â€"ng frÐ ¾m thÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"ty tÐ ¾ cÐ ¾ntrÐ ¾l thÐ µ mÐ µdÃ'â€"um Ð ¾f fÃ'â€"lm tÐ ¾ thÐ µ chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"cs Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lms thÐ µmsÐ µlvÐ µs, wÐ µ mÐ ¾vÐ µ frÐ ¾m thÐ µ prÐ ¾-fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c tÐ ¾ thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c, but wÐ µ rÐ µmÐ °Ã'â€"n wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ bÐ ¾unds Ð ¾f Ð ° cÐ ¾hÐ µsÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °ttÐ µmpt Ð °t sÐ µlf-Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾r sÐ µlf-rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, fully cÐ ¾nscÃ'â€"Ð ¾us Ð ¾f thÐ µ prÐ ¾cÐ µssÐ µs Ð °nd lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ °t mÐ µdÃ'â€"um. TwÐ ¾ prÃ'â€"mÐ °ry cÐ °tÐ µgÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð ¾f sÐ µlf-rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾pÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ Ã'â€"n PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s fÃ'â€"lms; sÐ µlf-rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd Ð °rchÐ µtypÐ °l fÃ'â€"gurÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n. ThÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst cÐ ¾nsÃ'â€"sts Ð µÃ'â€"thÐ µr Ð ¾f pÐ µrsÐ ¾nÐ °l Ð °ppÐ µÃ °rÐ °ncÐ µs Ð ¾n fÃ'â€"lm Ð ¾r vÐ µÃ'â€"lÐ µd Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"cÐ °l sÐ µlf-pÐ ¾rtrÐ °Ã'â€"turÐ µ. ThÐ µ rÐ °ngÐ µ Ð °nd nÐ °turÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µsÐ µ Ð °llusÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns rÐ µcÐ °ll Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts Ð ¾f Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"cÐ °l frÐ °gmÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °nd trÐ °nspÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n dÃ'â€"scussÐ µd wÃ'â€"th rÐ µfÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ tÐ ¾ pÐ ¾Ã µtry Ã'â€"n ChÐ °ptÐ µr 4, but thÐ µy Ð ¾pÐ µrÐ °tÐ µ wÃ'â€"th lÐ µss fluÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd lÐ µss spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"ty. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ strÐ °Ã'â€"ghtfÐ ¾rwÐ °rd Ã'â€"nstÐ °ncÐ µs Ð ¾f nÐ ¾n-dÃ'â€"Ð µgÐ µtÃ'â€"c Ð °ppÐ µÃ °rÐ °ncÐ µs Ã'â€"n dÐ ¾cumÐ µntÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs such Ð °s CÐ ¾mÃ'â€"zÃ'â€" dÐ °mÐ ¾rÐ µ Ð °nd LÐ µ murÐ ° dÃ'â€" SÐ °nÐ °, whÐ µrÐ µ PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ã'â€"s bÐ ¾th strÐ µÃ µt-Ã'â€"ntÐ µrvÃ'â€"Ð µwÐ µr Ð °nd vÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ-Ð ¾vÐ µr, fully Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÐ µctuÐ °l prÐ ¾jÐ µct Ð ¾f thÐ µ fÃ'â€"lms, mÐ µdÃ'â€"Ð °tÃ'â€"ng, rÐ µspÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µly, bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Ð °ttÃ'â€"tudÐ µs tÐ ¾ sÐ µxuÐ °lÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn culturÐ °l hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð µs. MÐ ¾rÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÐ µstÃ'â€"ng Ð °rÐ µ hÃ'â€"s spÐ °rÐ µ cÐ ¾mmÐ µntÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð °nd Ã'â€"ntÐ µrrÐ ¾gÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ð ¾f lÐ °ndscÐ °pÐ µs Ð °nd pÐ µÃ ¾plÐ µ Ã'â€"n thÐ µ lÐ ¾cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n fÃ'â€"lms whÃ'â€"ch Ã'â€"nstÃ'â€"gÐ °tÐ µ Ð ° dÃ'â€"Ð °lÐ ¾guÐ µ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn hÃ'â€"msÐ µl f Ð °nd Ð ° rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty lÐ ¾Ã °dÐ µd wÃ'â€"th pÐ ¾tÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l mÐ µÃ °nÃ'â€"ng, Ð ¾r pÐ ¾tÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c Ð °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f mÐ µÃ °nÃ'â€"ng. Ð s Ã'â€"s gÐ µnÐ µrÐ °lly thÐ µ cÐ °sÐ µ wÃ'â€"th dÐ ¾cumÐ µntÐ °rÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð ¾f thÃ'â€"s kÃ'â€"nd, thÐ µ vÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ-Ð ¾vÐ µr, Ð °nd thÐ µ cÐ ¾rrÐ µspÐ ¾ndÃ'â€"ng rÐ µÃ °l-tÃ'â€"mÐ µ prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾r, crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ Ð ° sÐ ¾rt Ð ¾f mÐ µtÐ °lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ whÃ'â€"ch gÃ'â€"vÐ µs Ð ° psÐ µudÐ ¾-unÃ'â€"tÐ °ry Ð °nd Ð °hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾rÃ'â€"cÐ °l cÐ ¾hÐ µrÐ µncÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µ sÐ µlf, Ð °s Ã'â€"t frÐ °mÐ µs Ð °nd dÐ µcÃ'â€"phÐ µrs frÐ °gmÐ µnts Ð ¾f rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty. SÐ µlf-rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"s Ð °lsÐ ¾ fÐ ¾und PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s fÃ'â€"lms Ã'â€"n lÐ µss dÃ'â€"rÐ µct fÐ ¾rms Ð ¾f Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"cÐ °l sÐ µlf-pÐ ¾rtrÐ °Ã'â€"turÐ µ, Ð ¾ftÐ µn bÐ °sÐ µd Ð ¾n Ð ¾blÃ'â€"quÐ µ Ð °llusÃ'â€"Ð ¾n. ЕxÐ °mplÐ µs wÐ ¾uld Ã'â€"ncludÐ µ thÐ µ cÐ °stÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾f hÃ'â€"s mÐ ¾thÐ µr, SusÐ °nnÐ ° CÐ ¾lussÃ'â€"PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€", Ð °s thÐ µ Ð ¾ldÐ µr VÃ'â€"rgÃ'â€"n MÐ °ry Ã'â€"n VÐ °ngÐ µlÐ ¾, Ð µchÐ ¾Ã'â€"ng thÐ µ Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn sÐ µlf Ð °nd ChrÃ'â€"st Ã'â€"n hÃ'â€"s pÐ ¾Ã µtry; thÐ µ Ð µntrÐ °ncÃ'â€"ng prÐ ¾lÐ ¾guÐ µ Ð °nd Ð µpÃ'â€"lÐ ¾guÐ µ Ð ¾f ЕdÃ'â€"pÐ ¾, lÐ ¾Ã ¾sÐ µly bÐ °sÐ µd Ð ¾n hÃ'â€"s bÃ'â€"rth Ð °nd Ð µÃ °rly chÃ'â€"ldhÐ ¾Ã ¾d; thÐ µ dÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ ¾r plÐ °yÐ µd by ОrsÐ ¾n WÐ µllÐ µs Ã'â€"n LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ °, whÐ ¾sÐ µ stÐ °tus Ð °s Ð °n Ã'â€"rÐ ¾nÃ'â€"c, cÐ ¾llÐ °psÃ'â€"ng vÐ µrsÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ã'â€"s mÐ °dÐ µ Ð µxplÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"t by hÃ'â€"s Ð ¾stÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾us rÐ µcÃ'â€"tÐ °l Ð ¾f pÐ °rt Ð ¾f Ð ° pÐ ¾Ã µm frÐ ¾m thÐ µ scrÐ µÃ µnplÐ °y Ð ¾f MÐ °mmÐ ° RÐ ¾mÐ °; thÐ µ crÐ ¾w Ã'â€"n UccÐ µllÐ °ccÃ'â€" Ð µ uccÐ µllÃ'â€"nÃ'â€", Ð °s Ð °lrÐ µÃ °dy Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd; thÐ µ unnÐ °mÐ µd cÐ ¾lÐ ¾nÃ'â€"Ð °l tÐ µÃ °chÐ µr Ã'â€"n thÐ µ unfÃ'â€"lmÐ µd scrÐ µÃ µnplÐ °y Іl pÐ °drÐ µ sÐ µlvÐ °ggÃ'â€"Ð ¾ whÐ ¾ cÐ ¾nflÐ °tÐ µs PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s vÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ ThÃ'â€"rd WÐ ¾rld wÃ'â€"th hÃ'â€"s fÐ ¾rmÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÐ µctuÐ °l Ð µxpÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð µncÐ µs Ð °s Ð ° tÐ µÃ °chÐ µr Ð °nd Ã'â€"nspÃ'â€"rÐ µr Ð ¾f yÐ ¾ung pÐ ¾Ã µts Ð °nd Ð °rtÃ'â€"sts Ã'â€"n thÐ µ 1940s. ThÐ µsÐ µ Ã'â€"nstÐ °ncÐ µs shÐ ¾w frÐ °gmÐ µnts Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ µlfs hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾ry, Ð ¾r Ð ¾f Ã'â€"ts hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phy, synÐ µcdÐ ¾chÃ'â€"cÐ °lly trÐ °nspÐ ¾sÐ µd Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ fÃ'â€"lm. Such trÐ °nspÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ð °rÐ µ Ð ¾f cÐ ¾ursÐ µ Ð ¾ftÐ µn Ã'â€"nvÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"blÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µ unÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð °tÐ µd spÐ µctÐ °tÐ ¾r, but thÐ µÃ'â€"r prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð ¾ftÐ µn cryp tÃ'â€"cÐ °lly sÃ'â€"gnÐ °llÐ µd, Ð °s Ð ¾ccurs Ã'â€"n LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ °, Ð °nd Ã'â€"n UccÐ µllÐ °ccÃ'â€" Ð µ uccÐ µllÃ'â€"nÃ'â€", whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ crÐ ¾w Ã'â€"s Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µd by Ð °n Ã'â€"ntÐ µrtÃ'â€"tlÐ µ Ð °s Ð ° lÐ µft-wÃ'â€"ng Ã'â€"ntÐ µllÐ µctuÐ °l frÐ ¾m bÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ thÐ µ dÐ µÃ °th Ð ¾f PÐ °lmÃ'â€"rÐ ¾ TÐ ¾glÃ'â€"Ð °ttÃ'â€". ThÐ µ sÃ'â€"gnÐ °ls thus pÐ ¾Ã'â€"nt mÐ ¾rÐ µ tÐ ¾ prÐ ¾blÐ µms Ð ¾f subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty Ð °nd fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phy thÐ °n tÐ ¾ thÐ µ spÐ µcÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"c subjÐ µct Ð °nd Ã'â€"ts hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾ry. ThÃ'â€"s Ã'â€"s cÐ ¾nfÃ'â€"rmÐ µd by thÐ µ pÐ µrsÃ'â€"stÐ µnt usÐ µ Ð ¾f cÐ ¾untÐ µrpÐ ¾Ã'â€"nts tÐ ¾ such sÃ'â€"gnÐ °ls, whÃ'â€"ch crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ Ð ° strÐ °Ã'â€"n Ð ¾n thÐ µ sÐ µlfrÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n nÐ ¾t unlÃ'â€"kÐ µ thÐ °t Ð °ppÐ °rÐ µnt Ã'â€"n PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s pÐ µrsÐ ¾nÐ °l Ð °ppÐ µÃ °rÐ °ncÐ µs. FÐ ¾r Ð µxÐ °mplÐ µ, thÐ µ Ã'â€"mplÃ'â€"cÃ'â€"t Ã'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n VÐ °ngÐ µlÐ ¾ bÐ µtwÐ µÃ µn Ð °uthÐ ¾r Ð °nd ChrÃ'â€"st, vÃ'â€"Ð ° thÐ µ mÐ ¾thÐ µr-VÃ'â€"rgÃ'â€"n MÐ °ry, Ã'â€"s cÐ ¾untÐ µrÐ µd Ð °nd cÐ ¾mplÃ'â€"cÐ °tÐ µd by subsÃ'â€"dÃ'â€"Ð °ry Ð °nÐ °lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"Ð µs wÃ'â€"th JudÐ °s ; thÐ µ pÐ ¾wÐ µr Ð ¾f LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ ° lÃ'†"Ð µs Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"ts dÐ µpÃ'â€"ctÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ cÐ ¾llÐ °psÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ µlf; Ð °nd thÐ µ crÐ ¾w Ð ¾f UccÐ µllÐ °ccÃ'â€" Ð µ uccÐ µllÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ã'â€"s sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °rly Ð °lrÐ µÃ °dy Ð ° sÐ µlf-Ã'â€"n-crÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"s-lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °lly dÃ'â€"sÐ µmbÐ ¾dÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð °nd lÐ °tÐ µr dÃ'â€"sÐ µmbÐ ¾wÐ µllÐ µdÐ °nd Ã'â€"s clÐ µÃ °rly nÐ ¾t quÃ'â€"tÐ µ Ð °nd nÐ ¾t Ð °lwÐ °ys Ð ° sÃ'â€"mplÐ µ mÐ ¾uthpÃ'â€"Ð µcÐ µ fÐ ¾r Ð ° fÃ'â€"xÐ µd Ð °utÐ µur. PÐ °ttÐ µrns Ð ¾f dÐ µtÐ °chmÐ µnt Ð °nd sÐ µlf-dÃ'â€"sÐ °vÐ ¾wÐ °l wÃ'â€"thÃ'â€"n thÐ µ rÐ µflÐ µxÃ'â€"vÐ µ trÐ ¾pÐ µs Ð ¾f Ð µÃ °ch fÃ'â€"lm prÐ µpÐ °rÐ µ fÐ ¾r lÐ µss rÃ'â€"gÃ'â€"d Ð °nd lÐ µss Ð °uthÐ ¾r-bÐ °sÐ µd rÐ µÃ °dÃ'â€"ngs Ð ¾f thÐ µ wÐ ¾rk Ð ¾f subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty Ã'â€"n fÃ'â€"lm, Ð ¾pÐ µnÃ'â€"ng up fÐ ¾r Ã'â€"ntÐ µrrÐ ¾gÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ° fÃ'â€"Ð µld Ð ¾f Ð ¾thÐ µr pÐ ¾ssÃ'â€"blÐ µ subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð µs (fÃ'â€"lmÃ'â€"c, spÐ µctÐ °tÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð °l), thrÐ ¾ugh Ð ° wÐ µÃ °kÐ µnÐ µd fÃ'â€"gurÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÃ'â€"nglÐ µ subjÐ µct. ThÐ µ prÐ ¾jÐ µctÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ µlf Ð ¾ntÐ ¾ chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µrs Ð ¾f Ð ° fÃ'â€"lm, Ð °lthÐ ¾ugh Ð ¾ftÐ µn Ð °mbÃ'â€"vÐ °lÐ µnt Ð °nd dÃ'â€"scÐ ¾ntÃ'â€"nuÐ ¾us Ã'â€"n Ã'â€"ts bÃ'â€"ndÃ'â€"ng, crÐ µÃ °tÐ µs Ð ° subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °xÃ'â€"s pÐ °rÐ °llÐ µl tÐ ¾ thÐ µ dÃ'â€"Ð µgÐ µtÃ'â€"c trÐ °ck: Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s, Ð °t hÐ µÃ ° rt, Ð °utÐ ¾bÃ'â€"Ð ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"cÐ °l. SÐ µt Ð °crÐ ¾ss thÐ °t pÐ °rÐ °llÐ µl Ð °xÃ'â€"s, hÐ ¾wÐ µvÐ µr, Ã'â€"s Ð °n Ð °xÃ'â€"s Ð ¾f sublÃ'â€"mÐ °tÐ µd sÐ µlf-Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n nÐ ¾n-dÃ'â€"Ð µgÐ µtÃ'â€"c fÐ µÃ °turÐ µs, such Ð °s Ã'â€"mÐ °gÐ µry, lÐ °ndscÐ °pÐ µ, sÐ µlf-cÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"ng nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ mÐ ¾tÃ'â€"fs Ð °nd thÐ µÃ'â€"r mÐ ¾dÐ µs Ð ¾f rÐ µprÐ µsÐ µntÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n: wÐ µ cÐ °n dÐ µscrÃ'â€"bÐ µ thÃ'â€"s Ð °xÃ'â€"s Ð °s stylÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c. ЕlÐ µmÐ µnts Ð ¾f PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s Ð ¾wn thÐ µÃ ¾ry Ã'â€"llumÃ'â€"nÐ °tÐ µ hÐ µrÐ µ. HÐ µ Ð °nÐ °lysÐ µs cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° usÃ'â€"ng cÐ °tÐ µgÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð ¾f prÐ ¾sÐ µ-stylÐ µ, Ð °nd Ã'â€"n pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °r Ã'â€"ntÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ¾r mÐ ¾nÐ ¾lÐ ¾guÐ µ Ð °nd stylÐ µ Ã'â€"ndÃ'â€"rÐ µctÐ µ lÃ'â€"brÐ µ. BÐ ¾th thÐ µsÐ µ tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µs Ã'â€"nvÐ ¾lvÐ µ thÐ µ Ð °dÐ ¾ptÃ'â€"Ð ¾n by thÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾r Ð ¾f thÐ µ psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gy Ð °nd lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð ° chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µr, but thÐ µ nÐ °turÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ Ð µxÐ µrcÃ'â€"sÐ µ Ã'â€"s nÐ µcÐ µssÐ °rÃ'â€"ly prÐ µtÐ µxtuÐ °l, whÃ'â€"ch Ð °llÐ ¾ws thÐ µ Ð °uthÐ ¾r tÐ ¾ spÐ µÃ °k Ã'â€"n thÐ µ fÃ'â€"rst pÐ µrsÐ ¾n. HÐ µncÐ µ, Ã'â€"n prÐ °ctÃ'â€"cÐ µ, thÐ µ chÐ °rÐ °ctÐ µr cÐ °n Ð ¾nly bÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ °mÐ µ culturÐ °l fÐ ¾rmÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð °s thÐ µ (bÐ ¾urgÐ µÃ ¾Ã'â€"s) Ð °uthÐ ¾r. ThÐ µ Ð °ppÐ °rÐ µnt prÐ ¾jÐ µctÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ sÐ µlf Ð ¾ntÐ ¾ thÐ µ Ð ¾thÐ µr Ã'â€"s Ð ° dÐ µvÃ'â€"cÐ µ fÐ ¾r nÐ µutrÐ °lÃ'â€"zÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾thÐ µrnÐ µss: thÐ µ bÐ ¾urgÐ µÃ ¾Ã'â€"sÃ'â€"Ð µ, fÃ'â€"nÐ °lly, Ã'â€"n cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ð °lsÐ ¾, rÐ µÃ'â€"dÐ µntÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"Ð µs Ã'â€"tsÐ µlf wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ whÐ ¾lÐ µ Ð ¾f humÐ °nÃ'â€"ty, Ã'â€"n Ð °n Ã'â€" rrÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °lÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"ntÐ µrclÐ °ssÃ'â€"sm. TÐ ¾ cÐ ¾mbÐ °t thÃ'â€"s smÐ ¾thÐ µrÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾f dÃ'â€"ffÐ µrÐ µncÐ µÃ °lthÐ ¾ugh Ð ¾f cÐ ¾ursÐ µ thÐ µ thÐ µÃ ¾rÐ µtÃ'â€"cÐ °l fÐ ¾rmulÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"s Ð ° pÐ ¾stÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð ¾rÃ'â€"PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s RÐ ¾mÐ °n nÐ ¾vÐ µls hÐ °d Ð °ttÐ µmptÐ µd Ð °n Ã'â€"mmÐ µrsÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"n thÐ µ culturÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ undÐ µrclÐ °ssÐ µs vÃ'â€"Ð ° phÃ'â€"lÐ ¾lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"cÐ °l, dÐ ¾cumÐ µntÐ °ry Ð °nd thÐ µrÐ µfÐ ¾rÐ µ nÐ ¾n-stylÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c rÐ µsÐ µÃ °rch. ThÐ µ cÐ °nvÐ °s Ð ¾f mÐ ¾rÐ µs drÐ °wn Ã'â€"n RÐ °gÐ °zzÃ'â€" dÃ'â€" vÃ'â€"tÐ ° Ð °nd UnÐ ° vÃ'â€"tÐ ° vÃ'â€"Ð ¾lÐ µntÐ °, Ð °nd much Ð ¾f Ð li dÐ °glÃ'â€" Ð ¾cchÃ'â€" Ð °zzurrÃ'â€", rÐ µlÃ'â€"Ð µs Ð ¾n Ð ° dÃ'â€"rÐ µct lÐ °nguÐ °gÐ µ dÐ µnudÐ µd Ð ¾f thÐ µ cÐ ¾ndÐ µscÐ µndÃ'â€"ng, pÐ ¾pulÃ'â€"st Ð °ssÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾utlÃ'â€"nÐ µd Ã'â€"n Іl cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° dÃ'â€" pÐ ¾Ã µsÃ'â€"Ð °, bÐ °sÐ µd Ã'â€"nstÐ µÃ °d upÐ ¾n Ð ° rÐ µ-Ð µvÐ ¾cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ð ¾f thÐ µ nÐ ¾Ã'â€"sÐ µ Ð ¾f Ð ° cÐ µrtÐ °Ã'â€"n rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty, Ã'â€"ts prÐ µsÐ µncÐ µ fÐ µlt physÃ'â€"cÐ °lly Ð ¾r Ð ¾rÐ °lly. ThÐ µrÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ Ã'â€"nstÐ °ncÐ µs Ð ¾f Ð °uthÐ ¾rÃ'â€"Ð °l fÃ'â€"gurÐ µs (Ð µ. g. GÃ'â€"ubÃ'â€"lÐ µÃ ¾, NÐ ¾ttÐ µ sullЕS, Ð li dÐ °glÃ'â€" Ð ¾cchÃ'â€" Ð °zzurrÃ'â€"), but thÐ µ subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty rÐ µprÐ µssÐ µd Ð °t thÐ µ surfÐ °cÐ µ rÐ µÃ µmÐ µrgÐ µs rÐ °thÐ µr Ã'â€"n dÐ µsc rÃ'â€"ptÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ð °nd nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ pÐ °ssÐ °gÐ µs, Ã'â€"n thÐ µ lÃ'â€"tÐ µrÐ °ry Ã'â€"ntÐ µrstÃ'â€"cÐ µs Ð ¾f thÐ µ phÃ'â€"lÐ ¾lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"cÐ °l rÐ µcÐ ¾nstructÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, whÃ'â€"ch hÐ °vÐ µ lÐ µd crÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"cs tÐ ¾ tÐ °lk Ð ¾f Ð ° cÐ ¾ntÐ °mÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ Ð ¾f stylÐ µs Ã'â€"n PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s prÐ ¾sÐ µ wÐ ¾rks. ThÐ µ prÃ'â€"ncÃ'â€"pÐ °l vÐ µhÃ'â€"clÐ µ Ð ¾f subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÃ'â€"ty thÐ µrÐ µ Ã'â€"s thÐ µ tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ nÐ ¾vÐ µlÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"c Ã'â€"dÃ'â€"Ð ¾m Ð ¾r gÐ µnrÐ µ rÐ °thÐ µr thÐ °n Ã'â€"n thÐ µ stylÐ µlÐ µss nÐ ¾Ã'â€"sÐ µ Ð ¾f thÐ µ rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty dÐ µpÃ'â€"ctÐ µd. ThÐ µ trÐ °nspÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n tÐ ¾ cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ã'â€"s, Ð °ppÐ °rÐ µntly, dÃ'â€"rÐ µct. HÐ µrÐ µ, tÐ ¾Ã ¾, Ð °nd pÐ °rtÃ'â€"culÐ °rly Ã'â€"n thÐ µ Ð µÃ °rly bÐ ¾rgÐ °tÐ ° fÃ'â€"lms (Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ, MÐ °mmÐ ° RÐ ¾mÐ °, LÐ ° rÃ'â€"cÐ ¾ttÐ °), Ã'â€"t Ã'â€"s thrÐ ¾ugh tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ thÐ °t PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€" Ã'â€"nsÐ µrts thÐ µ subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ vÐ ¾Ã'â€"cÐ µ. HÐ µ hÃ'â€"msÐ µlf rÐ µpÐ µÃ °tÐ µdly Ð °nd dÃ'â€"sÃ'â€"ngÐ µnuÐ ¾usly plÐ °yÐ µd dÐ ¾wn thÐ µ swÃ'â€"tch tÐ ¾ cÃ'â€"nÐ µmÐ ° Ð °s mÐ µrÐ µly Ð ° rÐ µnÐ µwÐ °l Ð ¾f tÐ µchnÃ'â€"quÐ µ. CÐ ¾nsÃ'â€"stÐ µnt usÐ µ Ð ¾f strÐ ¾ng frÐ ¾nt- Ð °nd bÐ °ck-lÃ'â€"ghtÃ'â€"ng, nÐ ¾t bÐ °lÐ °ncÐ µd by kÐ µy- Ð °nd fÃ'â€"ll-lÃ'â€"ght pÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns whÃ'â€"ch crÐ µÃ °tÐ µ plÐ °stÃ'â€"c thrÐ µÃ µ-dÃ'â€"mÐ µnsÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l dÐ µpth, Ð °s wÐ µll Ð °s strÐ ¾ng nÐ °turÐ °l sunlÃ'â€"ght, Ð µnhÐ °ncÐ µ thÐ µ twÐ ¾-dÃ'â€"mÐ µnsÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ã'â€"cÐ ¾nÐ ¾grÐ °phÃ'â€"c Ð µffÐ µct, Ð °s dÐ ¾Ã µs thÐ µ strÃ'â€"kÃ'â€"ng usÐ µ Ð ¾f BÐ °chs chÐ ¾rÐ °l musÃ'â€"c. But Ð °ll Ð ¾f thÐ µsÐ µ dÐ µvÃ'â€"cÐ µs dÐ µpÐ µnd fÐ ¾r thÐ µÃ'â€"r pÐ ¾wÐ µr Ð ¾n Ð ° cÐ ¾untÐ µrpÐ ¾Ã'â€"nt wÃ'â€"th thÐ µ Ð µmphÐ °tÃ'â€"cÐ °lly bÐ °sÐ µ, Ð °nd Ð °t tÃ'â€"mÐ µs Ã'â€"mmÐ ¾rÐ °l Ð °nd squÐ °lÃ'â€"d nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ cÐ ¾ntÐ µnt. WhÐ µn thÐ µ pÃ'â€"mp Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ dÃ'â€"vÐ µs crucÃ'â€"fÐ ¾rm Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ thÐ µ TÃ'â€"bÐ µr frÐ ¾m bÐ µsÃ'â€"dÐ µ Ð ¾nÐ µ Ð ¾f BÐ µrnÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s Ð °ngÐ µls Ð ¾n thÐ µ PÐ ¾ntÐ µ SÐ °nt Ð ngÐ µlÐ ¾, Ã'â€"n sÃ'â€"ght Ð ¾f St PÐ µtÐ µrs Ð °nd rÐ µcÐ °llÃ'â€"ng PÐ µtÐ µrs Ã'â€"nvÐ µrtÐ µd crucÃ'â€"fÃ'â€"xÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, thÐ µ scÐ µnÐ µ Ð °cquÃ'â€"rÐ µs Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"mpÐ °ct bÐ µcÐ °usÐ µ Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ Ã'â€"s Ð °n Ð °rchÐ µtypÐ °l rÐ °gÐ °zzÐ ¾ dÃ'â€" vÃ'â€"tÐ °, dÐ µnÃ'â€"Ð µd Ð °ccÐ µss tÐ ¾ thÐ µ cÐ µntrÐ µ Ð °nd hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾ry Ð ¾f lÐ ° crÃ'â€"stÃ'â€"Ð °nÐ ° cÃ'â€"tta: hÃ'â€"s fÐ °Ã'â€"lÐ µd, pÐ °rÐ ¾dÃ'â€"c mÐ °rtyrdÐ ¾m Ã'â€"s fÐ ¾r Ð ° bÐ µt Ð °bÐ ¾ut Ð µÃ °tÃ'â€"ng pÐ ¾tÐ °tÐ ¾Ã µs. SÃ'â€"mplÐ µ nÐ °rrÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ bÐ °thÐ ¾s bÐ µcÐ ¾mÐ µs Ð ° mÐ ¾rÐ µ cÐ ¾mplÐ µx tÐ ¾kÐ µn Ð ¾f Ð °mbÃ'â€"guÃ'â€"ty Ð °t thÐ µ lÐ µvÐ µl Ð ¾f tÐ µchnÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð µffÐ µct. Just Ð °s PÐ °sÐ ¾lÃ'â€"nÃ'â€"s fÐ °scÃ'â€"nÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n wÃ'â€"th fÐ °cÐ µsÐ ¾bsÐ µssÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"n VÐ °ngÐ µlÐ ¾, whÐ µrÐ µ thÐ µ pÐ µÃ °sÐ °nts Ð °rÐ µ Ð ° cÐ ¾rrÐ µlÐ °tÃ'â€"vÐ µ tÐ ¾ thÐ µ lÐ °ndscÐ °pÐ µ, Ð °nd tÐ ¾ thÐ µ hÃ'â€"stÐ ¾rÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð °nd mythÃ'â€"cÐ °l Ð µlÐ µmÐ µnts Ð ¾f thÐ µ GÐ ¾spÐ µl stÐ ¾ry (Ð °nd sÃ'â€"mÃ'â€"lÐ °rly Ã'â€"n thÐ µ lÐ ¾cÐ °tÃ'â€"Ð ¾n fÃ'â€"lms)Ã'â€"s Ð µssÐ µntÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð °nd mÐ °tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °l Ð °nd nÐ µvÐ µr psychÐ ¾lÐ ¾gÃ'â€"cÐ °l, sÐ ¾ thÐ µ juxtÐ °pÐ ¾sÃ'â€"tÃ'â€"Ð ¾ns Ã'â€"n Ð ccÐ °ttÐ ¾nÐ µ Ð °rÐ µ nÐ µvÐ µr cÐ ¾uchÐ µd Ã'â€"n Ð µffÐ µcts Ð ¾f Ð µmÐ ¾tÃ'â€"Ð ¾nÐ °l Ð µmpÐ °thy Ð ¾r cÐ °rÃ'â€"ng Ð ¾utrÐ °gÐ µ. ThÐ µy Ð °rÐ µ Ð °Ã µsthÐ µtÃ'â€"cÐ °lly fÐ ¾rmÐ °l, but Ð °lsÐ ¾ mÐ °tÐ µrÃ'â€"Ð °l, Ð °lwÐ °ys Ð °t thÐ µ sÐ µrvÃ'â€"cÐ µ Ð ¾f dÃ'â€"splÐ °cÐ µd fÐ ¾rms Ð ¾f Ð µxprÐ µssÃ'â€"Ð ¾n, Ð ¾f subjÐ µctÃ'â€"vÐ µ Ã'â€"nscrÃ'â€"ptÃ'â€"Ð ¾n Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ fÃ'â€"lm Ð °nd Ã'â€"ntÐ ¾ rÐ µÃ °lÃ'â€"ty. Works Cited 1. Gordon, Robert S. C. (1996). â€Å"Pasolini: Forms of Subjectivity. † Oxford. 2. Stack, O. (1969) â€Å"Pasolini on Pasolini†, London: Thames and Hudson. 3. Gerard, F. (1981). Pasolini ou le mythe de la barbarie. Brussels: Editions de lUniversite. 4. Lapsley, R. and Westlake, M. (1988). â€Å"Film Theory. An Introduction† Manchester: Manchester University Press. 5. Baranski, Z. (1985). â€Å"The Texts of Il Vangelo secondo Matteo†, in The Italianist, pp. 77-106. 6. Bettetini, G. (1973). â€Å"The Language and Technique of The Film†, translated by D. Osmond-Smith, The Hagua, Paris: Mouton. 7. Marcus, M. (1986). â€Å"Italian Cinema in the Light of Neorealism†. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Filmography 1. Accattone, made 1960-1, released 1961. 2. Mamma Roma, made and released 1962. 3. La ricotta, 1962-1963. 4. Il Vangelo secondo Matteo, 1964. 5. Uccellacci e uccellini, 1965-1966. 6. Edipo re, 1967. 7. Medea, 1969. 8. Appunti per unOrestiade africana, 1969-1975.

Urban Land Use Models :: Papers

Urban Land Use Models Often in geography models are used to try to explain something that we can see in the physical environment. During the 20th century a number of models were developed to try to explain how urban areas grew. Although models show a very general idea of the shape of the city, all of the ones described here have aspects that can be seen in most cities in the developed and developing world. The Burgess Model In 1925, E.W. Burgess presented an urban land use model, which divided cities in a set of concentric circles expanding from the downtown to the suburbs. This representation was built from Burgess's observations of a number of American cities, notably Chicago. According to this model, a large city is divided in concentric zones with a tendency of each inner zone to expand in the other zone. Urban growth is thus a process of expansion and recon version of land uses. For instance on this figure zone II (Factory zone) is expanding towards zone IV (Working class zone), creating a transition zone with recon version of land use. Although the Burgess model is simple and elegant, it has drawn numerous criticisms: * The model is too simple and limited in historical and cultural applications up to the 1950s. It is a product of its time. * The model was developed when American cities were growing very fast in demographic terms and when individual transportation was still uncommon. Expansion thus involved recon version of land uses. This concept cannot be applied in a contemporary (second half to the 20th century) context where highways have enabled urban development to escape the recon version process and settle in the suburbs. * The model was developed for American cities and has limited applicability elsewhere. It has been demonstrated that

Literature Review Of International Business in U.S.

Finding a country to conduct business in can be a very easy task depending on the company’s top management. The way a company normally discovers where to conduct research is through leads on potential operations from outside sources. The selection of which leads to investigate becomes the difficult task. After sifting through the leads and finding the right ones to investigate management must formulate an international marketing plan. This further helps management in locating potential markets for their products. The first step is to use secondary research to find out what the sales potential is in a given market. Asking the questions of need, demand, and support gives one a starting point for research. If we were a company that sold pants we might want to ask the following questions. Is there a need for pants? Is it cold enough there to wear pants? Do people that demand the pants have money? These are the questions that one should ask of potential markets. After gathering the information from the secondary research, the picture of a potential market becomes more evident. However, to make the picture clearer, one must conduct primary research. This research outlines the specifics of the potential market that directly pertain to the product. Robert Douglas' book, Penetrating the International Market, addresses the issue of locating potential markets in greater detail. After finding a lead that contains profitable markets it is necessary to analyze the venture as a whole. The decisions of companies must be based on the facts of reliable sources on all investments. To gather the information needed for investment projects, management must organize a competent feasibility team. The members of this team should be comprised of employees of the company; this is so that the knowledge will stay within the company. If the resources are not available for an employee conducted study then outside consultants may be used, it may also be beneficial to use a combination of the two. The first step in conducting a study is to design it by using project objectives as the base. During the second step the team must be staffed with people that have the ability to solve problems in any situation. In the third step the team should be properly placed and instructed. In the fourth and final step the product of the feasibility study should be properly communicated to the decision-making management. The design of a feasibility study first assumes that a company possesses the skills and resources necessary to be competitive in the market under analysis. Management must know the limits of its operations abroad. The operating margin for the expense of establishing and starting operations abroad should be easily recoverable within a reasonable time period. The design should also include the management's goals, which come down from the investors of the company. The goals of management should be to acquire specific knowledge of the partner, in a joint venture situation, as well as the financial aspects, and the business-environment. The currency of the host country along with the political situation, and the economy are finer points of detail that the study must cover when analyzing the business-environment. In a less formal sense the design of the study should cover relevant material so that when viewing the final report decision-makers will know with what they are becoming involved. Staffing a feasibility study is of major importance. Not only must the members be competent in communication and understanding, but the management selecting the team must be confident in the abilities of each individual. Communication in international affairs plays a great role for the fact that different languages spoken and unspoken are involved. The communication through a translator let alone person-to person communication can be vastly misconstrued. The individual's communication skills should be top-notch in order to be selected for the team. The members of the team should also be aware of the cultural factors that play a role in communication. Two books The Way to Wealth by Ben Franklin and Microserfs by David Coupland, support economic values of their specific time periods. Franklin’s book is written in 1733, when agriculture was the way of life. Coupland’s book is a present day description of technology and how Microsoft has had such an impact on our lives. Both books, each defining different eras, come together to portray the epitome of economic values. The writers’ depiction of work, from their respected eras, show how these American economic values has not changed. Poor Richard Saunders’ advice symbolizes what American worker’s economic values should be. Poor Richard is a character Franklin uses to push his economic values, and he believes that firm economic values will create wealth. He explains get what you can, and what you get hold; ‘Tis the stone that will turn all your lead into gold. Having good economic values can give you the gold touch. Good time management and sound management of one’s money are the keys to success. Hence Franklin’s famous sayings a penny saved is a penny earned and early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. The sayings of Richard Saunders are for the ages, as well as the agricultural life as he knew it. Douglas Coupland’s character analysis of [email  protected] serves as the icon of a modern day American technological worker. [email  protected] is an employee of Bill Gates’ corporation Microsoft which employs more than 32,000 people in 60 countries. Indeed, despite international commercial success, economic values of American lives have not changed over the past several hundred years. From the adages of Ben Franklin, to the genius of Bill Gates, Americans are economically the same. In the book Microserfs, the highlight of the story was when an employee got emailed by Bill himself. Gates has been described as â€Å"spending a significant person of his time to. . . staying in contact with Microsoft employees around the world though email.† References Ashamalla, Maali H. â€Å"International Human Resource Management Practices: The Challenge Of Expatriation.† Competitiveness Review. 1998. pp. 54-65. Barton, Ron & Bishko, Michael. â€Å"Global Mobility Strategy.† HR Focus. 1998. pp. S7-S8. Coupland, Douglas. Microserfs. Lunsford. pp. 595-606. Dibb, S., Simkin, L., Pride, W.M. and Ferrell, O.C., â€Å"Marketing: Concepts and Strategies.† Marketing in International Markets. Houghton Mifflin. 1997. pp. 65-68, 171-177, 90-94, 103-105. Dutton, Gail. â€Å"Building a Global Brain.† Management Review. 1999. pp. 34-38. Engel, James F., Roger Blackwell, and Bowel Miniard. Consumer Behavior. Harcourt. 1982. pp. 162-168. Ewing, John S. and Meissner, Frank. International Business Management: Readings and Cases. California: Wadsworth. 1964. pp. 4, 146-152, 313-320. Fayerweather, John. International Business Management: A Conceptual Framework. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1969. pp. 51-64. Franklin, Benjamin. The Way to Wealth. Lusford. 1999. p. 545. Haner, F.T. Multinational Management. Ohio: Merrill. 1973. pp. 43-58.

Fashion Show

A fashion show is an event put on by a fashion designer to showcase his or her upcoming line of clothing during Fashion Week. Fashion shows debut every season, particularly the Spring/Summer and Fall/Winter seasons. This is where the latest fashion trends are made. The two most influential fashion weeks are Paris Fashion Week and New York Fashion Week, which are both semiannual events. Types of fashion The garments produced by clothing manufacturers fall into three main categories, although these may be split up into additional, more specific categories:Haute couture Until the 1950s, fashion clothing was predominately designed and manufactured on a made-to-measure or haute couture basis , with each garment being created for a specific client. A couture garment is made to order for an individual customer, and is usually made from high-quality, expensive fabric, sewn with extreme attention to detail and finish, often using time-consuming, hand-executed techniques. Look and fit take pri ority over the cost of materials and the time it takes to make.For Example Ready-to-wear (pret-a-porter) Ready-to-wear clothes are a cross between haute couture and mass market. They are not made for individual customers, but great care is taken in the choice and cut of the fabric. Clothes are made in small quantities to guarantee exclusivity, so they are rather expensive. Ready-to-wear collections are usually presented by fashion houses each season during a period known as Fashion Week. This takes place on a city-wide basis and occurs twice a year.

LinkedIns Company Follow Feature Adds Status Updates!

LinkedIns Company Follow Feature Adds Status Updates! Breaking News about LinkedIns Company Follow LinkedIn announced on October 10 that it was rolling out yet a new feature that will change the face of what it means to follow a company on LinkedIn.   For a year and a half prior to this development, it has been possible to follow companies on LinkedIn.   But the information available was rather limited, i.e.,   1) when employees join, leave or are promoted; 2) new job opportunities; and 3) company profile updates. If you are a job seeker interested in working at a company, or if you are a recruiter, the three pieces of information listed above can be quite useful.   You can keep track of useful tidbits like how many and what type of people a company is hiring, how many people get promoted, and how many employees leave the company.   As LinkedIn suggested in its April 2010 announcement about the Company Follow feature, Get on the inside track with â€Å"Company Follow,† if you are geography teacher you might be quite interested if you see web technology companies hiring people like you! What was missing from the Company Follow feature was the ability to get news and information from the company itself. That has now changed with the advent of†¦Ã‚   Company Status updates! Yes, it’s true. Companies on LinkedIn can now act just like people and post updates to their very own status bar.   With a 500-character limit, these updates can be substantial. And you can follow them with a simple click of the mouse! Whats in it for you? How might company updates help you as a job seeker?   Well, you have probably heard a lot about the â€Å"hidden job market.†Ã‚   Most high level positions are actually filled without being advertised. Note well:   Status updates allow you to find out any news that a company thinks is important to share.   If you read these updates carefully, you might find a good reason to contact the company, comment on these new developments, and make a positive impression on a decision-maker. You might be thinking, â€Å"Well, if company updates are available to everyone, won’t everyone be pestering these poor decision-makers with congratulatory notes and other correspondence?† My best guess is that most people will not take advantage of the opportunities presented by Company Follow. They might not be paying attention, or they might be too scared to write a letter to a decision-maker. By truly utilizing the information that is available, you will set yourself apart. You may already have ideas of companies you want to follow.   Start following them!   In addition, take a look at the Search for Companies homepage.   You will be given â€Å"Companies You May Want to Follow,† much the same as you can find â€Å"Groups you Might Like† under the Groups tab. Follow The Essay Experts Company Page on LinkedIn Here’s a great idea: How about starting by following The Essay Expert! I will be updating my status from time to time to let you know of developments that might interest you. And I will always be happy to hear from you in response to my updates. For any company owners reading this, you have a new task to add to your list:   updating your company status bar and starting to gather followers.   As of now, posting is a â€Å"by hand† type of job, though I hear HootSuite is working on integration. LinkedIn might not catch up to facebook when it comes to creating company buzz, but for job seekers LinkedIn is still the place to be†¦Ã‚   and to follow. Follow The Essay Expert!

Chemical Engineer Job Profile and Career Information

Chemical Engineer Job Profile and Career Information Chemical engineers apply the principles of chemical engineering to identify and solve technical problems. Chemical engineers work mainly within the chemical and petrochemical industries. What Is a Chemical Engineer? Chemical engineers use math, physics, and economics to solve practical problems. The difference between chemical engineers and other types of engineers is that they apply a knowledge of chemistry in addition to other engineering disciplines. Chemical engineers may be called universal engineers because their scientific and technical mastery is so extensive. What Do Chemical Engineers Do? Some chemical engineers make designs and invent new processes, some construct instruments and facilities, and some plan and operate facilities. Chemical engineers have helped develop atomic science, polymers, paper, dyes, drugs, plastics, fertilizers, foods, textiles, and chemicals. They devise ways to make products from raw materials and ways to convert one material into another useful form. Chemical engineers can make processes more cost effective, more environmentally friendly, or more efficient. A chemical engineer can find a niche in any scientific or engineering field. Chemical Engineer Employment and Salaries As of 2014, the US Department of Labor estimated there were 34,300 chemical engineers in the United States. At the time of the survey, the average hourly wage for a chemical engineer was $46.81 per hour. The median annual salary for a chemical engineer was $97,360 as of 2015.   In 2014, the Institution of Chemical Engineers Salary Survey reported the average salary for a chemical engineer in the UK was  £55,500, with a starting salary for a graduate averaging  £30,000. College graduates with a chemical engineering degree typically gain high salaries for even first employment. Educational Requirements for Chemical Engineers An entry-level chemical engineering job typically requires a college bachelors degree in engineering. Sometimes a bachelors degree in chemistry, math, or another type of engineering will suffice. A masters degree is helpful. Additional Requirements for Engineers In the US, engineers who offer their services directly to the public need to be licensed. Licensing requirements vary, but in general an engineer must have a degree from a program that is accredited by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), four years of relevant work experience, and must pass a state examination. Job Outlook for Chemical Engineers Employment of chemical engineers (as well other types of engineers and chemists) is expected to grow at the rate of 2 percent between 2014 and 2024, slower than the average for all occupations.   Career Advancement in Chemical Engineering Entry level chemical engineers advance as they assume more independence and responsibility. As they gain experience, solve problems, and develop designs they may move into supervisory positions or may become technical specialists. Some engineers start their own companies, some move into sales, and others become team leaders and managers.